EDS:能量彌散X射線譜（Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy
SEM:scanning electron microscope掃描電子顯微鏡
FE-SEM:Field-Emission Scanning Electron Microscope場發射掃描電子顯微鏡
STM:scanning tunneling microscope掃描隧道顯微鏡
AFM：Atomic force microscopy原子力顯微鏡
XRD：X-ray diffractionX射線衍射
XPS：X-ray photoelectron spectroscopyX射線光電子能譜
FT-IR：Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy 傅立葉紅外光譜儀
UV-VISQ：Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy 紫外可見吸收光譜