名詞的所有格:表所有關系
兩種表示法:’s和of
1)用and連接兩個並列的單數名詞表示***有關系時,只在最後壹個名詞後加’s;表示分別擁有各自的物品時,兩個名詞都要加’s.
eg: Mary and her sister’s bedroom 瑪麗和她妹妹的房間 Tom’s and Mary’s bags 湯姆的和瑪麗的包
2)以s結尾的名詞,在s後加’, 不以s結尾的加’s
eg: Teachers’ Day Children’s Day
3)雙重所有格,形式:of+名詞所有格;of+名詞性物主代詞
eg:He is a friend of my brother’s. Is she a daughter of yours ?
辨析: a picture of her mother’s 她媽媽的壹張照片(強調照片是她媽媽的,但照片上的人不壹定是她媽媽)
a picture of her mother 她媽媽的照片(強調照片上的人是她媽媽)
4)表示店鋪、醫院、診所、住宅等名稱時,常用名詞後加上’s代表全稱 at the doctor’s 在醫院的候診室
5)在some, any, every和one, boby結合起來的復合名詞後加’s
someone’s book 某人的書, somebody else’s pencil 其他人的鉛筆
6)表示時間,距離,國家,城市等無生命的名詞,也可以在詞尾加’s或’構成所有格。
意:名詞+of+名詞名詞是有生命的,我們就用’s結構來表示所有關系。如果名詞所表示的事物是無生命的,我們就要用名詞+of+名詞的結構來表示所有關系.如: the legs of the desk,the door of the room
但在表示名詞所有格時,’s結構也常可轉換成of結構。有些表示時間,距離、國家、城市等無生命的東西的名詞,也可以加’s來構成所有格.如: ten minutes' walk,today's newspaper
初中英語語法知識點總結21、be late for. 遲到
Don’t be late for school.不要上學遲到。
2、play + 球類名詞:打/踢球(註意:球類運動不用冠詞)
play +the+ 樂器(西洋)
playping-pong/basketball/volleyball/tennis/soccer
3、sound
1)連系動詞,“聽起來”,後接形容詞作表語。
That story sounds very interesting.那故事聽起來很有趣。
2)名詞“聲音”(泛指自然界中的各種聲音)。
The sound is too loud.聲音太大了。
4、every day 每天
She plays sports every day. 她每天都做運動。
everyday日常的 everyday English 日常英語
5、after class 下課後 after school 放學後
6、辨析interesting與interested
1) interesting可作表語,指某人/事/物本身有趣;也可作定語修飾人或物
① The book is interesting.這書很有趣。 (作表語)
②I have an interestingbook.我有本有趣的書。(作定語)
2) interested用於be/get/become interested in(對感興趣)這壹結構中。
He is interested inplaying football.他對踢足球感興趣。
7、like 喜歡
1)like sb. / sth.喜歡某人/某物
2) like to do sth.喜歡/想要做某事(表壹次性或特指的某壹具體的動作)
3) like doing sth喜歡做某事(表習慣性的動作或愛好)
①我喜歡每天打籃球。I like playing basketballevery day.
②今天很冷,我喜歡呆在家裏。Todayis cold, I like to stay at home.
初中英語語法知識點總結3壹、陳述句
陳述句是陳述壹個事實或者說話人的看法的,陳述句分為肯定句和否定句。陳述句句末用句號,朗讀時用降調。
1、肯定句的基本結構為:主+謂 He went to London to pass his holiday.
2、否定句的表達方式
(1)主語+be+not+表語 He is not a teacher.
(2)主語+助動詞/情態動詞+not+謂語動詞+其他 I don't think you are right. He hasn't yet paid the money. (他尚未付錢。)
(3)使用“not”以外的否定詞:
(a)副詞:never, seldom, hardly, little, neither等。She seldom comes to see me. (她不常來看我。)
(b)形容詞:no, few, little等 He has few friends in Hong Kong. (他在香港幾乎沒有朋友。)
(c)代詞:nothing, nobody, none等。I found nobody about computer. (在那棟房子裏我沒看到任何人。)
二、疑問句
疑問句的主要交際功能是提出問題,詢問情況。分為壹般疑問句、選擇疑問句、特殊疑問句和反意疑問句。
1、壹般疑問句通常用來詢問壹件事情是否屬實。答句通常是“yes或no”。 句型壹:Be +主語+ …?Are these books on the desk?這些書在桌子上嗎?
句型二:Do / Does / Did + 主語 +謂語+…?Do you like English?妳喜歡英語嗎? 句型三:情態動詞 + 主語 + 謂語 +…?
Must I finish my homework now?我必須現在完成我的家庭作業嗎?
句型四:Have / Has + 主語 + 過去分詞+…?
Have you heard from him? 妳收到他的來信嗎?
另外,還有以be動詞、助動詞或情態動詞的否定縮寫形式開頭的壹般疑問句,這種句子壹般表示請求、驚訝和對事物的看法等,回答時所用的yes和no表達的意思和漢語的習慣不同。例如:——Isn't he tall?難道他不高嗎?
—— Yes, he is.不,他很高。
2、特殊疑問句以疑問詞開頭,對句中某壹成分提問的句子叫特殊疑問句。常用的疑問詞有:what 、who 、whose 、which、 when、 where、 how 、why等。例如: who is singing in the room?
what class are you in﹖
初中英語語法知識點總結4初中英語語法常用
1)在代詞what, which, who, none, some, any, more, most,all等詞的單復數由其指代的詞的單復數決定。
All is right. (壹切順利。)
All are present. (所有人都到齊了。)
2)集體名詞作主語時,謂語的數要根據主語的意思來決定。如family, audience, crew, crowd, class, company,committee等詞後用復數形式時,意為這個集體中的各個成員,用單數時表示該個集體。
His family isn't very large.他家不是壹個大家庭。
His family are music lovers.他的家人都是音樂愛好者。
但集合名詞people, police, cattle, poultry等在任何情況下都用復數形式。
Are there any police around?
3)有些名詞,如variety, number, population, proportion, majority等有時看作單數,有時看作復數。
A number of +名詞復數+復數動詞。
The number of +名詞復數+單數動詞。
A number of books have lent out.
The majority of the students like English.
初中英語語法口訣
壹、冠詞基本用法
速記口訣
名詞是禿子,常要戴帽子,
可數名詞單,須用a或an,
輔音前用a,an在元音前,
若為特指時,則須用定冠,
復數不可數,泛指the不見,
碰到代詞時,冠詞均不現。
妙語詮釋冠詞是中考必考的語法知識之壹,也是中考考查的主要對象。以上口訣包括的意思有:
①名詞在壹般情況下不單用,常常要和冠詞連用;
②表示不確指的可數名詞單數前要用不定冠詞a或an,確指時要用定冠詞the;
③如復數名詞表示泛指,名詞前有this,these,my,some等時就不用冠詞。
二、名詞單數變復數規則
速記口訣
單數變復數,規則要記住,
壹般加s,特殊有幾處:
/s/結尾,es不離後,
末尾字母o,大多加s,
兩人有兩菜,es不離口,
詞尾f、fe,s前有v和e;
沒有規則詞,必須單獨記。
妙語詮釋
①大部分單數可數名詞變為復數要加s,但如果單詞以/t/、/y/、/s/發音結尾(也就是單詞如果以ch,sh,s,x等結尾),則壹般加es;
②以o結尾的單詞除了兩人(negro,hero)兩菜(tomato,potato)加es外,其余壹般加s;
③以f或fe結尾的單詞壹般是把f,fe變為ve再加s;
④英語中還有些單詞沒有規則,需要特殊記憶,如child—children,mouse—mice,deer—deer,sheep—sheep,Chinese—Chinese,ox—oxen,man—men,woman—women,foot—feet,tooth—teeth。
初中英語語法:句型轉換
Ⅰ.題型介紹
所謂“句型轉換”就是先給壹個完整的句子A,再根據括號內的要求(有時沒有明確,須自己觀察),在第二個句子B的空白處填上適當的詞來完成的句型轉換。
Ⅱ.題型分類
從形式上看,有如下幾種形式:
①某壹詞或詞組的轉換;
②詞組與句子的轉換;
③同義句型的轉換;
④為糾正常犯語言錯誤而設計的題目。
從內容上看,此題型涉及的面較廣,主要有:
①句子功能方面的轉換。包括陳述句(肯定與否定)、四種題疑問句、祈使句、感嘆句的轉換;
②句子結構方面的轉換。即簡單句、復合句、並列句之間的轉換;
③語態的轉換。即主動語態與被動語態之間的轉換;④常用句型與詞匯手段的轉換。
Ⅲ.具體分類如下
壹、陳述句與疑問句、祈使句、感嘆句間的轉換
1、陳述句中肯定句變為否定句,大部分是用not來改變謂語結構,但也有借用否定意義的詞,如nothing, nobody, none, neither,little, few, never, hardly等,例如::
A:Tom does well in maths.
B:Tom doesn't do in maths.
A:He has much to do.
B:He has nothing to do.
A:All of my classmates like art.
B:None of my classmates likes art.
2、改為疑問句。根據上下句的結構和詞的減少,來判斷變為哪壹種形式的疑問句。例如:
A:My brother often has breakfast at school.
B:Does your brother often have breakfast at school?
A:Tom's already weak in English.
B:Tom's already weak in English, isn't he ?
A:The red light changes every two minutes.
B:How often does the red light change?
3、改為感嘆句。根據所給的句子結構和單詞的詞性,來確定使用哪壹種感嘆句的形式,例如:
A:This is an interesting book.
B:What an interesting book this is!或How interesting this book is!
初中英語語法知識點總結5表示說的話不是事實,或者是不可能發生的情況,而是壹種願望、建議或與事實相反的假設等。壹般常用於正式的書面語中。
1、虛擬語氣的構成
如:與現在事實相反
If I had more time, I should study German.(fact:I have no more time, so I shall not study German. )
If she were not so busy, she would attend the meeting this afternoon.(fact:she is very busy, so she will not attend the meeting this afternoon.)
If they didn’t take physical exercises every day, they wouldn’t be so healthy.(fact: they take physical exercises every day, so they are very healthy.)
與過去事實相反:
I would have checked my paper again if I had had more time at yesterday’s examination.(fact:I had no more time at yesterday’s exam, so I didn’t check my paper again)
You would have already recovered from his illness if he had seen the doctor in good time.(fact: He didn’t see the doctor in good time ,so he hasn’t recovered from his illness )
與將來事實相反:
If it rains tomorrow, our picnic will be put off.(The weather has been changeable these days.)
If it rained tomorrow, our picnic would be put off.( The weather has beenvery good these days.)
If it should rain tomorrow, our picnic would be put off.(That would be out of our expectation.)
If it were to rain tomorrow, our picnic would be put off. (條件從句謂語動詞用were to +動詞原形,表示下雨的可能性極小。Were to rain和should rain都表示“出乎意料之外”,但were to加強表示“當初沒想到以後的事”)
註:
(1)如果條件從句謂語動詞包含有were或had, should, could有時可將if省去,但要倒裝。如:
Had you (If you had) invited us, we would have come to your party.
(2)混合時間條件句的用法:
有時條件從句的動作和主句動作發生的時間不壹致。這時動詞的形式,應根據它所要表達的具體時間來決定用什麽形式。
1) If she hadn’t trained so hard, she wouldn’t be run so fast.(從句敘述過去,主句敘述現在。)
(fact: she has trained very hard, so she would able to run fast.)
2)You would speak English well enough if you had practised reading and speaking it every day.(主句敘述現在,從句敘述過去)
(fact: You didn’t practice (hasn’t practiced ) reading and speaking it every day, so you can’t speak English well enough.)
(3)在其他狀語從句中的用法
主要用於由as if (as though)引導的比較狀語從句,從句中謂語動詞壹般用“動詞的過去式(be變were )或had +過去分詞。”如:
She looked as if she were ill.(實際上她沒有病,在這裏用虛擬語氣補語比喻她精神不佳)
Xiao Liu speaks English so well as if he had studied in England.(這裏用虛擬語氣表現他的英語說得好)
2、虛擬語氣在各種從句的應用
(1)在主語從句中用來表示驚奇、惋惜、理應如此等,其謂語形式是"should(可省) +動詞原形",常用於以下三種句型中。
句型壹:It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc) that…
句型二:It is a pity (a shame, no wonder, etc) that…
句型三:It is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc) that…
如:It is strange that he (should) have done that.
It is a pity that he (should) be so careless.
It is requested that we (should) be so careless.
(2)在賓語從句中用於suggest, propose, move, insist, desire, demand, request, order, command等動詞後的賓語從句中,表間接的命令和建議。其謂語形式是"(should)+動詞原形"。如:
I suggest that we (should) go swimming.
(3)在表語從句中,表示間接的命令,要求、請求、建議、決定等,主句中的主語通常是suggestion, proposal, request, orders, idea等。從句謂語形式是"(should)+動詞原形"。如:
His suggestion is that we (should) leave at once.
(4)在同位語從句中,謂語形式是"(should)+動詞原形"。如:
We received order that the work be done at once.
(5)在It is time that…句型中,其謂語動詞形式是"動詞的過去式"或"should +動詞原形",should不可省。如:
It's time (that) we went ( should go) to school.
初中英語語法知識點總結6在習慣上只用作定語的形容詞
這裏說的定語指的是位於名詞前作定語(即前置定語),而不是位於名詞後作定語(即不用作後置定語),如main 是定語形容詞,可以說mainthings,但不能說something main,因為後置定語從本質上說相當於表語,即something main 從本質上說相當於somethingthat is main。下面是幾類典型的定語形容詞:
壹、表示相對關系的形容詞
former 以前的,從前的 latter 後期的,後半的
inner 內部的,裏面的 outer 外部的,外面的
upper 上部的,上遊的 lower 下部的,下遊的
elder 年歲較大的 eldest 最年長的
indoor 室內的,屋內的 outdoor 室外的,屋外的
inside 裏面的,內側的 outside 外面的,外側的
upstairs 樓上的 downstairs 樓下的
註inside, outside, downstairs, upstairs等既可用作形容詞也可用作副詞。用於形容詞時,只用於名詞前作定語;若用作副詞,則可用作表語(或名詞後作定語)。
二、表示強調意義的形容詞
mere 僅僅的 very 極端的
outright 完全的 thorough 十足的
plain 完全的 complete 徹底的
pure 完全的 perfect 全然的
註若用於其他意義,有的可用作表語,如plain表示“明白的”、“普通的”等均可用作表語;perfect表示“完美的`”、“完備的”、“準確的”等,也可用作表語。
三、表示度量的復合形容詞
three-year-old 3歲大的 120-page 120頁的
five-year 5年的
若用作表語或後置定語,則不用連字符:
She has a five-year-old son. 她有壹個5歲的兒子。
Her son is five years old. 她的兒子五歲。
She has a son five years old. 她有壹個5歲的孩子。
八種賓語從句不省略that
引導賓語從句的that在下列情況下壹般不省略:
1. 賓語從句前有插入語。如:
We hope, on the contrary, that he will stay at home with us.恰恰相反,我們希望他和我們呆在家裏。
2. 有間接賓語時。如:
He told me that he was leaving for Japan. 他告訴我他要去日本。
3. that在與之並列的另壹個賓語從句之後。如:
He said (that) the book was very interesting and that(不省略) all the childrenlike to read it.他說那本書很有趣,所有小孩都喜歡讀。
4. 在“it(形式賓語)+補語”之後時。如:
I think it necessary that he should stay here. 我們認為他有必要留在這裏。
5. that從句單獨回答問題時。如:
—What did he hear? 他聽說了什麽事?
—That Kate had passed the exam. (他聽說)凱特考試及格了。
6. 在except等介詞後。如:
He has no special fault except that he smokes toomuch.他除了抽煙太多之外,沒有什麽特別的毛病。
7. 位於句首時。如:
That our team will win, I believe. 我相信我們隊會贏。
8. 在較為正式或不常用的動詞(如reply, object)後。如:
He replied that he disagreed. 他回答說他不同意。
if與whether的區別
1. 引導主語從句並在句首時不用if。如:
Whether we go there is not decided. 我們是否去那裏還沒決定。
2. 引導表語從句時不用if。如:
The question is whether we can get there on time. 問題是我們能否按時到達那裏。
3. 引導同位語從句時不用if。如:
He asked me the question whether the work was worth doing.他問我這個問題,那項工作是否值得做。
4. 在介詞後引導賓語從句不用if。如:
I’m thinking about whether we’ll have a meeting. 我在考慮我們是否要開個會。
5. 直接與not連用時不用if。如:
I don’t know whether or not you will go. 我不知道妳是否去。
6. 賓語從句置於句首時不用if。如:
Whether you have met George before, I can’t remember. 我不記得妳以前是否見過喬治。
7. 在discuss等之後時不用if。如:
We’re discussing whether we’ll go on a picnic. 我們在討論是否要去野餐。
8. 當用if會引起歧義時不用if。如:
Please let me know whether you are busy.請告訴我妳是否忙。(若用if,還可理解為“如果妳很忙,妳就告訴我。”
初中英語語法知識點總結7at the end of用法
對於at the end of的用法,同學們需要掌握下面的內容。
at the end of
at the end of +時間點或地點,“在…的盡頭,在…的末尾”
They will have a sports meeting at the end of March. (時間)
He put some books at the end of the bed. (地點)
動詞的種類
動詞是表示動作或狀態的詞,按其詞義和在句子中的作用可分為行為動詞,連系動詞,助動詞和情態動詞。
1.行為動詞
行為動詞可分為及物動詞 (vt)和不及物動詞(vi),及物動詞表示動作或狀態,有完整的詞義,能單獨作謂語,後跟賓語;不及物動詞表示動作或狀態,有完整的詞義,能單獨作謂語,但後面不能直接跟賓語,如要帶賓語則與介詞或副詞構成短語。
如:
More and more people study English.(vt)
The students are listening to the teacher carefully.(vi)
2.連系動詞
連系動詞本身有壹定的詞義,但不能獨立作謂語,必須與表語壹起構成謂語。常用的連系動詞有 be, get, turn, become, look, feel, grow, seem, sound, taste, smell等。
如:
Our country is becoming stronger and stronger.
It feels damp.
3.助動詞
助動詞本身無詞義,不能單獨作謂語,只能和主要動詞壹起構成謂語動詞,表示否定,疑問及動詞的時態、語態、人稱和數等語法特征,助動詞有 be,do,have,shall,will等。
如:
How do you usually come to school?
The children are playing yo-yo now.
4.情態動詞
情態動詞本身有壹定的意義,但不能獨立作謂語,只能和主要動詞原形壹起構成謂語,表示說話人的語氣和情態。情態動詞沒有人稱和數的變化。情態動詞有 can (could),may(might),must, need, ought to, dare等。
如:
Can I help you?
- Must we go now? -No, you needn't .
a. can與be able to的用法有所區別。can只用於壹般現在時和過去時,指本身有能力的"能";be able to用於各種時態均可,指須經過努力而"能"。
b. must與have/has to的用法。must表示說話人主觀認為"必須",只用於壹般現在時和壹般將來時;have/has to表示客觀需要,意為"不得不",它可用於各種時態。
c.need和dare既可作情態動詞也可作行為動詞。
以上對動詞的種類知識的內容講解學習,相信同學們已經能很好的掌握了吧,希望同學們在考試中取得很好的成績。
初中英語語法知識點總結8should的用法:
should用來提出建議和忠告,後邊加動詞原形,否定句直接在should後邊加not.
例如:I think you should eat less junk food.
我認為妳應該少吃垃圾食品。
She drives a lot and she seldom walks. So I think she should walk a lot.
她經常開車,很少走路。所以我認為她應該多走路。
Students shouldn’t spend too much time playing computer games.
學生們不應當花太多的時間玩計算機遊戲。
學習向別人提建議的幾種句式:
(1)I think you should…
(2)Well, you could…
(3)Maybe you should …
(4)Why don’t you…?
(5)What about doing sth.?
(6)You’d better do sth.