壹、冠詞 a / an 的用法
a用於輔音音素前 a useful book, a university
an則用於元音音素前 an hour, an honest boy , an “A E F H I L M N O R S X”
二、定冠詞the的用法：
1)特指雙方都明白的人或物： Give me the book.
2)上文提到過的人或事： ---Do you know the lady in blue? –Yes, she is a teacher of a university.
3)指世上獨壹物二的事物the sun ( sky / moon/ earth/ world/ nature/ universe )
4)單數名詞連用表示壹類事物，如：the dollar 美元; The lion is a wild animal.或與形容詞或分詞連用，表示壹類人：the rich /poor/ blind/ aged / living / impossible
5)用在序數詞和形容詞最高級，及形容詞only，very, same等前面：I live on the second floor.
6)用在表示身體部位的名詞前： She caught me by the arm.
7)用在表示樂器和表方位的名詞之前： She plays the piano violin guitar in the north of China
8)用在普通名詞構成專有名詞前： the People's Republic of China the United States the Great Wall the Summer Palace
9) 用在姓氏的復數名詞之前，表示壹家人：the Greens are playing the piano.
10) in the day, in the morning (afternoon，evening), in the middle (of), in the end, all the time at the same time on the whole, by the way, go to the cinema at he age of six at the beginning of the twenty-first century on the other side of at the moment the day after tomorrow the day before yesterday, the next morning, in the sky (water，field，country) in the dark, in the rain
三、不用定冠詞的情況
1) 國名，人名前通常不用定冠詞：China , Europe 歐洲 Lei Feng 雷鋒
2)物質名詞和抽象名詞表示壹般概念時，通常不加冠詞;當表示特定的意思時，需要加定冠詞Failure is the mother of success. 失敗乃成功之母。
3)在季節、月份、節日、 假日、日期、星期等表示時間的名詞之前，不加冠詞; Children’s Day Mother’s Day Father’s Day
4)在稱呼或表示官銜，職位的名詞前不加冠詞; He is captain of the team.
5)在三餐、四季，球類運動、學科、娛樂運動的名稱前，不加冠詞 如：have breakfast /supper / lunch，play basketball / football / volleyball / chess , in spring/summer/ autumn/ winter
初中英語語法知識歸納 篇21. 被動語態的基本時態變化
被動語態通常為十種時態的被動形式, 被動語態由be+過去分詞構成，be隨時態的變化而變化。以do為例，各種時態的被動語態形式為：
1) am/is/are +done (過去分詞) 壹般現在時
例：Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits.
2) has /have been done 現在完成時
例:All the preparations for the task have been completed, and we're ready to start.
3) am/is /are being done 現在進行時
例:A new cinema is being built here.
4) was/were done 壹般過去時
例：I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer.
5) had been done 過去完成時
例： By the end of last year, another new gymnasium had been completed in Beijing.
6) was/were being done 過去進行時
例：A meeting was being held when I was there.
7) shall/will be done 壹般將來時
例:Hundreds of jobs will be lost if the factory closes.
8) should/would be done 過去將來時
例：The news would be sent to the soldier's mother as soon as it arrived.
9) shall/will have been done 將來完成時(少用)
例:The project will have been completed before July.
2. 被動語態的特殊結構形式
1)帶情態動詞的被動結構。其形式為：情態動詞+be+過去分詞。
例:The baby should be taken good care of by the baby-sitter.
2) 有些動詞可以有兩個賓語，在用於被動結構時，可以把主動結構中的壹個賓語變為主語，另壹賓語仍然保留在謂語後面。通常變為主語的是間接賓語。
例:His mother gave him a present for his birthday. 可改為 He was given a present by his mother for his birthday.
3) 當“動詞+賓語+賓語補足語”結構變為被動語態時，將賓語變為被動結構中的主語，其余不動。
例:Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette. 可改為The boy was caught smoking a cigarette.
4)在使役動詞have, make, get以及感官動詞see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe等後面不定式作賓語補語時，在主動結構中不定式to要省略，但變為被動結構時，要加to。
例:Someone saw a stranger walk into the building. 可改為A stranger was seen to walk into the building.
5) 有些相當於及物動詞的動詞詞組，如“動詞+介詞”，“動詞+副詞”等，也可以用於被動結構，但要把它們看作壹個整體，不能分開。其中的介詞或副詞也不能省略。
例The meeting is to be put off till Friday.
初中英語語法知識歸納 篇31)will/shall+動詞原形 shall用於第壹人稱，常被will 所代替。will 在陳述句中用於各人稱，在征求意見時常用於第二人稱。will not=won't shall not=shan't例如：
Which paragraph shall I read first? 我先讀哪壹段呢?
Will you be at home at seven this evening? 今晚七點回家好嗎?
2) be going to +不定式，表示將來。
a. 主語的意圖，即將做某事。例如：What are you going to do tomorrow? 明天打算作什麽呢?
b. 計劃，安排要發生的事。例如：The play is going to be produced next month。這出戲下月開播。
c. 有跡象要發生的事。例如：Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm. 看那烏雲，快要下雨了。
3) be +不定式表將來，按計劃或正式安排將發生的事。例如：
We are to discuss the report next Saturday.我們下星期六討論這份報告。
4) be about to +不定式，意為馬上做某事。例如：
He is about to leave for Beijing. 他馬上要去北京。
註意：be about to do 不能與tomorrow, next week 等表示明確將來時的時間狀語連用。
Notice:be to和be going to
be to 表示客觀安排或受人指示而做某事，be going to 表示主觀的打算或計劃。例如：
I am to play football tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我去踢球。(客觀安排)
I'm going to play football tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我想去踢球。(主觀安排)
5)現在進行時表將來時
下列動詞的現在進行時表示將來時
go.come.fly.leave.start.begin.finish.end.arrive and so on.
she is leaving for Wuhan tomorrow.
6)壹般現在時表將來
1)下列動詞come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的壹般現在時可以表示將來，主要用來表示在時間上已確定或安排好的事情。例如：
The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火車明天上午六點開。
When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes. 汽車什麽時候開?十分鐘後。
2)以here, there等開始的倒裝句，表示動作正在進行。
初中英語語法知識歸納 篇4構詞法 ：
英語構詞法主要有：合成法、派生法和轉換法。
1、合成法：如：spaceship, headache, basketball, playground等等。
2、派生法：(1)派生名詞：①動詞+er/or ②動詞+ing ③動詞+(t)ion ④形容詞+ness ⑤其他,如：inventor, learner, swimming, congratulation, kindness, carelessness, knowledge
(2)派生形容詞：①名詞+y ②名詞+ful ③動詞+ing/ed ④friendly ⑤dangerous ⑥Chinese; Japanese ⑦English ⑧French ⑨German ⑩國名+(i)an 如：snowy, sunny, hopeful, beautiful, interesting, following, daily(每日的),nervous, delicious
(3)派生副詞：①形容詞+ly ②其它,如：slowly, angrily, full→fully, good→well, possible→possibly
3、轉換法：
(1)形容詞→動詞,如：dry(幹燥的)→dry(弄幹), clean(幹凈的)→clean(打掃,弄幹凈),等等。
(2)動詞→名詞,如：look, walk, rest, work, study, swim, go, talk等等。
(3)名詞→動詞,如：hand(手)→(傳遞),face(臉)→(面對)等等。
(4)形容詞→副詞,如：early→early, fast→fast等等。
(5)副詞→連詞,如：when(什麽時候)→(當……時候),等等。
(6)介詞→副詞,如：in(到……裏)→(在裏面;在家),on(在…上)→(進行,繼續)
名詞：
1、英語名詞可分專有名詞和普通名詞兩大類：
1、專有名詞是個別的人、地、物、團體、機構等的專用名稱。
專有名詞如果是含有普通名詞的短語,則必須使用定冠詞the。如：the Great Wall(長城)
姓氏名如果采用復數形式,則表示該姓氏壹家人(復數含義),如：the Greens( 格林壹家人)。
2、普通名詞又分為可數名詞和不可數名詞。
2、英語可數名詞的單復數：英語可數名詞有單數和復數兩種形式。
1hero→heroes, photo→photos, piano→pianos.
不可數名詞壹般沒有復數形式,說明其數量時,要用有關計量名詞。壹盒牛奶：
3、名詞所有格：
1、 名詞所有格如：Childern’s Day(兒童節), my sister’s book(我姐姐的書)
(2)以s或es結尾的復數名詞。只在詞尾加’。如：Teachers’ Day(教師節)
(3)有些表示時間、距離以及世界、國家、城鎮等無生命的名詞,也可在詞尾加’s. 如：
today’s newspaper(今天的報紙), ten minutes’ break(十分鐘的課間休息),
(4)無論表示有生命還是無生命的東西的名詞,壹般均可用介詞of短語來表示所有關系。如：
2、[註解]：
① ‘s還可以表示某人的家或者某個店鋪,如：my aunt’s(我阿姨家), the doctor’s(診所)
② 兩人***有某物時,可以采用 A and B’s 的形式,如：Lucy and Lily’s bedroom(露西和麗麗合住的臥室)
③ “of+名詞所有格/名詞性物主代詞”,稱為雙重所有格,如：a friend of my father’s(我父親的壹位朋友), a friend of mine(我的壹位朋友)
4、名詞或代詞作主語時和謂語之間的單復數的壹致問題：
1、謂語和謂語基本保持單復數的壹致,即：主語是可數名詞單數或不可數名詞時,謂語動詞用單數形式：如：The computer was a great invention.(計算機是個了不起的發明)The water in the glass is very cold.(玻璃杯裏的水很冷)
2、集體名詞(如family, class, team, group, row, police, school等)做句子主語時,
① 如果表示整體概念,則謂語用單數形式,如：Class Three is a very good class.(三班是好班)
② 如果表示其中的所有成員時,則謂語用復數形式,如：Class Three have a map of China.(三班有張中國地圖)
3、Chinese, Japanese, fish, sheep, people等表示單個時謂語用單數,表示許多時,謂語用復數。如：There is a sheep in the yard.(院子裏有只綿羊) / There are some sheep in the yard.(院子裏有壹些綿羊)
4、maths, news等雖然有s結尾,但不是復數,因此謂語仍用單數：The news is very exciting. (這個消息令人興奮)
5、glasses, shoes, socks, trousers, gloves等名詞往往用復數形式,故謂語用復數。如：
The trousers are very cheap and I want to take them.(褲子很便宜,我想買)
6、a lot of 後跟名詞復數時謂語用復數形式,跟不可數名詞時謂語用單數形式。如：A lot of students are playing baseball now.(現在有許多學生在打壘球) A lot of time was wasted on that work.(大量的時間花在了那個工作上)(被動句)
7、and 連接兩個名詞做主語時,謂語原則上用復數,但是兩個名詞若構成壹個整體事物時,謂語則用單數。如：The teacher and his son are picking apples now.(老師和他的兒子在摘蘋果) / Fish and chips is very famous food. (魚和薯條是壹種出名的食品)
8、 there be 句型中be的單復數壹般由靠近的名詞決定。如：There is a table and four chairs in the room.(房間裏有壹張桌子和四張椅子)
9、用both…and…連接兩個事物做主語時,謂語壹般用復數。如：Both you and I are required to be here tomorrow.(妳和我明天要求都來)
10、主語中含有with的短語時,謂語單復數由with之前的人物決定。如：A woman with a 7-year-old child was standing at the side of the road. (壹名婦女帶著壹個七歲的'孩子(當時)就站在路邊)
11、either…or…或者 neither…nor…連接兩個人物做句子主語時,謂語采用就近原則。如：Either you or he is right.(要麽是妳對,要麽是他對。/妳和他有壹個人是對的) / Neither you nor I am going there.(妳和我都不打算去那裏)
12、表示壹段時間或長度概念的復數名詞做主語時,謂語壹般用單數。如：Two months is not a short time.(兩個月不是個短時間)Two thousand kilometers is quite a long distance(距離).(兩千千米是相當長的壹段距離)
13、主語中含有half of… / (three quarters)of… / all (of) the ….等詞語時,謂語的單復數由名詞確定,如：Over three quarters of the information on the Internet is in English. / A third of the students were playing near the lake.(學生的三分之壹(當時)正在湖邊玩耍) / All of the water in these rivers has been polluted.(這些河流中的水已經被汙染了)(被動句)
但是,population壹詞又有特殊情況： What’s the population of China?(中國人口是多少?)(句子用單數) / Three quarters of the population in this city are Arabs(阿拉伯人).(這個城市四分之三的人口是阿拉伯人)(句子用復數)
5、部分名詞用法辨析：
1、sport、game、match、race 的區別：sport通常指“戶外運動”,以鍛煉為主,概念較大;game意思是“運動、比賽”,不管戶內戶外還是腦力體力,指以勝負為主的運動;match意為“競賽、比賽”,多指正式比賽;race主要表示“賽跑、賽馬、賽車”。如：People all around the world enjoy sports.(全世界的人都喜愛運動) / The 2008 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing.(2008奧運會將在北京舉行)(被動句) / Our school football team won the league match(聯賽).(我們學校足球隊取得了聯賽冠軍) / They were strong and won the boat race.(湯他們很棒,贏得了劃艇比賽)
2、festival、holiday、vacation的區別：festival“節日”,指喜慶的日子或持續壹段時間的文娛活動;holiday(假日、休息日),指法定假日或風俗習慣,復數可以表示壹個較長的假期;vacation“假期”,指學習或工作中壹段長時間的休息。如：The Shanghai Television Festival will be held next month.(上海電視節將在下個月舉行) / Sunday is a holiday and most people do not work.(星期天是個假日,多數人不工作) / What are you going to do during the summer vacation/holidays?(在暑期妳打算做什麽事情?)
3、journey、tour、trip、travel的區別：journey指在陸地上(或海上或空中)進行的長途旅行,不知終點,含有辛苦的意思;tour指途中作短期逗留的巡回旅行,強調遊覽多處,常用來指觀光等;trip通常指往返定時的短途旅行,如出差度假等;travel多指長期或長途的觀光旅行,尤其指到國外,沒有明確目的地,也作不可數名詞,指旅行這壹行為。如：He made up his mind to make the journey to Dunhuang.(他拿定主意要去敦煌旅行)/ He has gone on a walking tour.(他步行觀光去了) / He took several trips to Shanghai last yeaar.(去年他去了上海好幾次) / Did you go to Santiago(聖地亞哥) during your travels?(旅行期間妳去聖地亞哥了嗎?) / Travelling through thick forests is dangerous.(在密林裏邊穿行是很危險的)
4、sound、noise、voice的區別：sound指各種聲音;noise主要指“噪音”;voice指人的“嗓音”。如：The noise of the street kept me awake in the night.(街上的喧囂聲讓我徹夜難眠) / All of a sudden there was the sound of shots and a cry.(突然間傳來幾聲槍響和壹聲尖叫) / The singer has lost her ringing voice as a result of a bad cold.(因為感冒的緣故,這個歌唱家失去了她銀鈴般的嗓音)
5、fish的問題：指許多條魚且不管種類時,用fish,單復數相同;fishes 指許多種類的魚;fish指“魚肉”時是不可數名詞。如：There are many kinds of fishes in the pool. (池子裏有很多種類的魚)/ I prefer fish to meat.(與肉相比我更喜歡魚)
代詞：
1、代詞的分類：英語中代詞分為：人稱代詞、物主代詞、反身代詞、指示代詞、關系代詞、疑問代詞、連接代詞和不定代詞等等。
2、人稱代詞：人稱代詞代替人和事物的名稱,分為主格和賓格兩種形式。