四、主動語態變被動語態的方法
(1)把主動語態的賓語變為被動語態的主語。
(2)把謂語變成被動結構(be＋過去分詞)
(根據被動語態句子裏的主語的人稱和數，以及原來主動語態句子中動詞的時態來決定be的形式)。
(3)把主動語態中的主語放在介詞by之後作賓語，將主格改為賓格。例如：
All the people laughed at him.
He was laughed at by all people.
They make the bikes in the factory.
The bikes are made?by them in the factory.
歌訣是：賓變主，主變賓，by短語後面跟。
謂語動詞變被動，be後“過分”來使用。
五、含有情態動詞的被動語態
含有情態動詞的主動句變成被動句時，由“情態動詞＋be＋過去分詞”構成，原來帶to的情態動詞變成被動語態後“to”仍要保留。
歌訣是：情態動詞變動，情態加be加“過分”，原來帶to要保留。例如：
We can repair this watch in two days.
This watch can be repaired in two days.
You ought to take it away.
It ought to be taken away.
They should do it at once.
It should be done at once
英語從句的種類及用法
從句按其在主句中的句法功能可分為三類，即名詞性從句、形容詞性從句(即定語從句)和副詞性從句(即狀語從句)。引導從句的詞稱作關聯句。
名詞性從句包括主語從句、表語從句、賓語從句和同位語從句。引導這些名詞性從句的關聯詞包括:
從屬連詞that, if, whether;
連接代詞who, whoever, whom, whomever, which, whichever, what, whatever, whose;
連接副詞where, when, why, how。
其中, 從屬連詞只起連接作用, 在從句中不充當任何句法成分,而連接代詞和連接副詞既起連接作用, 在從句中又充當壹定的成分.
That Owen should have married his cousin is not at all surprising.
The fact is that he didn't go to the dinner party.
I don't know if he will attend the meeting.
Have you heard the news that Mary is going to marry Tom?
妳聽說瑪麗要和湯姆結婚的消息了嗎?(that引導同位語從句)
[提示]
1. 在含有主語從句的復合句中, 為保持句子平衡, 常用it作形式主語,而將真正的主語從句置於句末.
It's well known that water is indispensable to life.
2. 為保持句子平衡, that引導的賓語從句也常用it代替, 而將真正的賓語從句置於主句句末。這常常出現在主句有形容詞或分詞作賓語補足語的情況下。
He made it quite clear that he preferred to live here.
3. 從屬連詞whether和if都作“是否…”解, 但if不可引導主語從句和表語從句。whether可與or(not)連用, 而if不可以。
I don't know whether (if) she is at home.
Whether she comes or not makes no difference.
4. that和what引導名詞性從句的區別: that在從句中不充當成分,而what在從句中充當壹定的成分, 如主語、表語、賓語等。that可省略, what則不可省。
He always means what he says.
She suggested (that) he do it at once.
5. 同位語從句大多由從屬連詞that引導, 常跟在下列名詞後面,如fact, idea, opinion, news, hope, belief等, that不可省，壹般用來解釋說明這些名詞的具體含義和內容。
We are familiar with the idea that all matter consists of atoms.
The news that we are invited to the conference is very encouraging.
如何判斷各類從句呢？
答：
1．分析句子結構以區分從句的種類。遇到壹個復合句，首先要分析其句子結構，看從句在整個句子中起什麽作用，那麽它就是什麽從句。
2． 分析引導詞的句法作用以區別從句的種類。that這個詞既可引導同位語從句，又可引導定語從句，這種兩種從句從形式和結構上看特別相似，如何區分呢？區分that引導的是同位語從句還是定語從句的方法是，看that在從句中是否充當句子成分，若that在從句中不充當任何成分，則為同位語從句；若that在從句中充當主語或賓語，則為定語從句。
3． 根據被修飾詞來判斷從句的種類。定語從句常常修飾壹些具有實際意義的名詞，如：the film；the student；the book；a house等等。而同位語從句常常修飾壹些表示抽象概念的名詞，如fact、idea、promise、truth等，用來說明這些名詞所表示的具體內容。狀語從句在句子中常用來修飾謂語動詞。
4．根據從句前詞的詞性來判斷從句的種類。賓語從句分兩種：動詞的賓語從句、介詞的賓語從句。賓語從句前肯定是動詞或介詞。定語從句是用來修飾名詞或代詞的，所以其前壹定是壹個名詞或代詞。
5．根據上下文意義和結構形式上區分從句的種類。如so that即可引導目的狀語從句，又可引導結果狀語從句，如何區分呢？主要從以下兩點來區分。 ①根據上下文意義判斷。“以便……”表示目的，是目的狀語從句，“以致於……”，“結果……”表示結果，是結果狀語從句。 ②從結構形式上來分辨。so that前有逗號，為結果狀語從句，反之，則為目的狀語從句。有時，so that前無逗號，這裏要看從句中有無can、could、may、might、will、would、should 等情態動詞，如果有，則多是目的狀語從句，若沒有，則多是結果狀語從句。
abide 居住
abode, abided
abode, abided
alight 下車
alighted, alit
alighted, alit
awake 喚醒
awoke
awoke, awaked
be 是
was, were
been
bear 忍受
bore
borne, born
beat 擊打
beat
beaten
become 變成
became
become
befall 發生
befell
befallen
beget 引起
begot
begotten, begot
begin 開始
began
begun
behold 註意看
beheld
beheld
bend 鞠躬
bent
bent
bereave 剝奪
bereaved, bereft
bereaved, bereft
beseech 乞求
besought, beseeched
besought, beseeched
beset 圍攻
beset
beset
bespeak 預約
bespoke
bespoken, bespoke
bespread 鋪蓋
bespread
bespread
bestrew 散放
bestrewed
bestrewed, bestrewn
bestride 跨坐
bestrode
bestridden, bestrid, bestrode
bet 打賭
bet, betted
bet, betted
betake 前往
betook
betaken
bethink 想起
bethought
bethought
bid 出價
bade, bid
bidden, bid
bide 忍受
bode, bided
bided
bind 綁
bound
bound
bite 咬
bit
bitten, bit
bleed 流血
bled
bled
blend 混合
blended, blent
blended, blent
bless 祝福
blessed, blest
blessed, blest
blow 吹
blew
blown
break 斷開
broke
broken
breed 產生
bred
bred
bring 帶來
brought
brought
broadcast 廣播
broadcast, broadcasted
broadcast, broadcasted
browbeat 嚴斥
browbeat
browbeaten
build 建築
built
built
burn 燃燒
burnt, burned
burnt, burned
burst 爆炸
burst
burst
buy 買
bought
bought
can 能
could
-
cast 鑄造
cast
cast
catch 抓住
caught
caught
chide 責罵
chid, chided
chid, chidden, chided
choose 選擇
chose
chosen
cleave:
分裂
cleaved, cleft, clove
cleaved, cleft
打通
clave
cloven
cling 粘附
clung
clung
clothe 穿衣
clothed, clad
clothed, clad
come 來
came
come
cost 價值
cost
cost
creep 爬行
crept
crept
crow 報曉
crowed, crew
crowed
cut 切
cut
cut
dare 敢
dared, durst
dared
deal 處理
dealt
dealt
dig 挖洞
dug
dug
dispread 擴散
dispread
dispread
do 做
did
done
draw 畫
drew
drawn
dream 做夢
dreamed, dreamt
dreamed, dreamt
drink 喝
drank
drunk
drive 駕車
drove
driven
dwell 細想
dwelt, dwelled
dwelt, dwelled
eat 吃
ate
eaten
fall 落下
fell
fallen
feed 餵
fed
fed
feel 感覺
felt
felt
fight 打架
fought
fought
find 找尋
found
found
flee 逃跑
fled
fled
fling 派出
flung
flung
fly:
飛
flew
flown
逃逸
fled
fled
擊飛
flied
flied
forbear 克制
forbore
forborne
forbid 禁止
forbade, forbad
forbidden
forecast 預報
forecast, forecasted
forecast, forecasted
fordo 損毀
fordid
fordone
forego 居先
forewent
foregone
foreknow 預知
foreknew
foreknown
forerun 作先驅
foreran
forerun
foresee 看穿
foresaw
foreseen
foreshow 預示
foreshowed
foreshown
foretell 預言
foretold
foretold
forget 忘記
forgot
forgotten, forgot
forgive 原諒
forgave
forgiven
forsake 拋棄
forsook
forsaken
forswear 發假誓
forswore
forsworn
freeze 冷凍
froze
frozen
gainsay 反駁
gainsaid
gainsaid
get 得到
got
got, gotten
gild 鍍金
gilded, gilt
gilded
gird 束縛
girded, girt
girded, girt
give 給予
gave
given
go 去
went
gone
grave 銘記
graved
graven, graved
grind 磨
ground
ground
grow 成長
grew
grown
hamstring 殘廢
hamstringed, hamstrung
hamstringed, hamstrung
hang:
掛
hung
hung
吊死
hanged
hanged
have 有
had
had
hear 聽
heard
heard
heave 力擎
heaved, hove
heaved, hove
hew 砍劈
hewed
hewed, hewn
hide 隱藏
hid
hidden, hid
hit 打
hit
hit
hold 拿住
held
held
hurt 傷害
hurt
hurt
inlay 鑲嵌
inlaid
inlaid
keep 保持
kept
kept
kneel 下跪
knelt, kneeled
knelt, kneeled
knit 編結
knitted, knit
knitted, knit
know 知道
knew
known
lade 舀水
laded
laded, laden
lay 放置
laid
laid
lead 帶領
led
led
lean 傾斜
leaned, leant
leaned, leant
leap 跳躍
leapt, leaped
leapt, leaped
learn 學習
learnt, learned
learnt, learned
leave 離開
left
left
lend 借出
lent
lent
let 讓
let
let
lie:
躺下
lay
lain
撒謊
lied
lied
light:
點燃
lit
lit
照亮
lighted
lighted
lose 丟失
lost
lost
make 做
made
made
may 可以
might
-
mean 意思
meant
meant
meet 見面
met
met
melt 熔化
melted
melted, melten
misdeal 處理不當
misdealt
misdealt
misgive 擔憂
misgave
misgiven
mislay 放錯
mislaid
mislaid
mislead 欺騙
misled
misled
mistake 弄錯
mistook
mistaken
misunderstand 誤會
misunderstood
misunderstood
mow 割草
mowed
mowed, mown
must 必須
must
-
ought 應該
ought
-
outbid 中標
outbade, outbid
outbidden, outbid
outbreed 超產
outbred
outbred
outdo 勝過
outdid
outdone
outeat 多吃
outate
outeaten
outfight 擊敗
outfought
outfought
outgo 支出
outwent
outgone
outgrow 生長快
outgrew
outgrown
outlay 花費
outlaid
outlaid
outride 沖過
outrode
outridden
outrun 超越
outran
outrun
outsell 暢銷
outsold
outsold
outshine 亮過
outshone
outshone
outshoot 發射
outshot
outshot
outsit 久坐
outsat
outsat
outspend 花錢過多
outspent
outspent
outspread 伸展
outspread
outspread
outthrow 扔出
outthrew
outthrown
outthrust 刺穿
outthrust
outthrust
outwear 用舊
outwore
outworn
overbear 壓抑
overbore
overborne
overbid 漫天要價
overbid
overbidden, overbid
overblow 吹過
overblew
overblown
overbuild 建造過多
overbuilt
overbuilt
overbuy 買得過貴
overbought
overbought
overcast 遮蔽
overcast
overcast
overcome 克服
overcame
overcome
overdo 做得過分
overdid
overdone
overdraw 透支
overdrew
overdrawn
overdrive 超速
overdrove
overdriven
overeat 吃得太多
overate
overeaten
overfeed 餵得太多
overfed
overfed
overfly 飛過
overflew
overflown
overgrow 過度生長
overgrew
overgrown
overhang 懸垂
overhung
overhung
overhear 無意聽到
overheard
overheard
overlade 超載
overladed
overladed, overladen
overlay 覆蓋
overlaid
overlaid
overleap 跳過
overleapt, overleaped
overleapt, overleaped
overlie 躺在上面
overlay
overlain
overpay 付出太多
overpaid
overpaid
override 藐視
overrode
overridden
overrun 泛濫
overran
overrun
oversee 監督
oversaw
overseen
oversell 賣完
oversold
oversold
overset 推翻
overset
overset
oversew 縫合
oversewed
oversewed, oversewn
overshoot 打過頭
overshot
overshot
oversleep 睡過頭
overslept
overslept
overspend 過度使用
overspent
overspent
overspread 擴張
overspread
overspread
overtake 追上
overtook
overtaken
overthrow 推倒
overthrew
overthrown
overwind 旋太緊
overwound
overwound
overwrite 寫得冗長
overwrote
overwritten
partake 參與
partook
partaken
pay 付出
paid
paid
precast 預計
precast
precast
prechoose 預選
prechose
prechosen
prove 證明
proved
proved, proven
put 放
put
put
quit 退出
quitted, quit
quitted, quit
read 讀
read
read
reave 掠奪
reaved, reft
reaved, reft
rebuild 重建
rebuilt
rebuilt
recast 重鑄
recast
recast
reeve 貫穿
rove, reeved
rove, reeved
relay 轉送
relaid
relaid
rend 撕破
rent
rent
repay 報答
repaid
repaid
reset 重設定
reset
reset
retell 重述
retold
retold
rid 除去
rid, ridded
rid, ridded
ride 騎
rode
ridden
ring 響
rang
rung
rise 升起
rose
risen
rive 扯裂
riven
riven, rived
run 跑
ran
run
saw 鋸
sawed
sawn, sawed
say 說
said
said
see 看見
saw
seen
seek 搜索
sought
sought
sell 賣
sold
sold
send 送
sent
sent
set 設置
set
set
sew 縫補
sewed
sewn, sewed
shake 搖晃
shook
shaken
shall 將
should
-
shave 剃須
shaved
shaved, shaven
shear 修剪
sheared
shorn, sheared
shed 脫落
shed
shed
shine 照耀
shone, shined
shone, shined
shoe 穿鞋
shod, shoed
shod, shoed
shoot 射擊
shot
shot
show 展示
showed
shown, showed
shred 撕碎
shredded, shred
shredded, shred
shrink 萎縮
shrank, shrunk
shrunk, shrunken
shrive 懺悔
shrove, shrived
shriven, shrived
shut 關閉
shut
shut
sing 唱歌
sang, sung
sung
sink 下沈
sank, sunk
sunk, sunken
sit 坐
sat
sat
slay 殘殺
slew
slain
sleep 睡覺
slept
slept
slide 滑動
slid
slid, slidden
sling 吊起
slung
slung
slink 潛逃
slunk
slunk
slit 切開
slit
slit
smell 聞
smelt, smelled
smelt, smelled
smite 打擊
smote
smitten, smote
sow 播種
sowed
sown, sowed
speak 講話
spoke
spoken
speed 促進
sped, speeded
sped, speeded
spell 拼寫
spelt, spelled
spelt, spelled
spend 花錢
spent
spent
spill 溢出
spilt, spilled
spilt, spilled
spin 旋轉
spun
spun
spit 吐
spat, spit
spat, spit
split 劈開
split
split
spoil 破壞
spoilt, spoiled
spoilt, spoiled
spread 散布
spread
spread
spring 彈跳
sprang, sprung
sprung
stand 站立
stood
stood
stave 鑿孔
staved, stove
staved, stove
steal 偷竊
stole
stolen
stick 粘貼
stuck
stuck
sting 刺激
stung
stung
stink 發臭
stank, stunk
stunk
strew 散播
strewed
strewn, strewed
stride 大踏步
strode
stridden, strid
strike 打動
struck
struck, stricken
string 捆紮
strung
strung
strive 奮鬥
strove, strived
striven, strived
swear 發誓
swore
sworn
sweat 出汗
sweat, sweated
sweat, sweated
sweep 打掃
swept
swept
swell 膨脹
swelled
swollen, swelled
swim 遊泳
swam
swum
swing 擺動
swung
swung
take 拿到
took
taken
teach 教
taught
taught
tear 撕
tore
torn
tell 講述
told
told
think 思考
tought
thought
thrive 蔓延
throve, thrived
thriven, thrived
throw 投擲
threw
thrown
thrust 刺入
thrust
thrust
tread 踐踏
trod
trodden, trod
unbend 放松
unbent
unbent
unbind 解開
unbound
unbound
unbuild 拆除
unbuilt
unbuilt
underbid 出低價
underbid
underbidden, underbid
underbuy 賤價買走
underbought
underbought
undercut 廉價出售
undercut
undercut
underdo 不盡力
underdid
underdone
underfeed 餵不飽
underfed
underfed
undergo 遭受
underwent
undergone
underlay 鋪墊
underlaid
underlaid
underlet 低價出租
underlet
underlet
underlie 位居其次
underlay
underlain
underpay 克扣
underpaid
underpaid
underrun 跑不過
underran
underrun
undersell 拋售
undersold
undersold
underset 暗流
underset
underset
undershoot 進入射程
undershot
undershot
understand 理解
understood
understood
undertake 擔任
undertook
undertaken
underwrite 簽名
underwrote
underwritten
undo 取消
undid
undone
undraw 拉開
undrew
undrawn
unfreeze 解凍
unfroze
unfrozen
ungird 解帶
ungirded, ungirt
ungirded, ungirt
unhang 解除懸掛
unhung
unhung
unknit 拆開
unknitted, unknit
unknitted, unknit
unlade 卸載
unladed
unladed, unladen
unlay 松開
unlaid
unlaid
unlearn 忘卻
unlearnt, unlearned
unlearnt, unlearned
unmake 恢復原狀
unmade
unmade
unreeve 抽出
unrove, unreeved
unrove, unreeved
unsay 撤銷
unsaid
unsaid
unset 去除設定
unset
unset
unsling 取去懸索
unslung
unslung
unspeak 緘默
unspoke
unspoken
unstick 扯開
unstuck
unstuck
unstring 去掉綁紮
unstrung
unstrung
unswear 毀棄誓言
unswore
unsworn
unteach 使人忘卻
untaught
untaught
unthink 打消念頭
unthought
unthought
untread 折回
untrod
untrodden, untrod
unweave 拆解
unwove
unwoven
unwind 打開
unwound
unwound
upbuild 在上面建
upbuilt
upbuilt
upcast 上拋
upcast
upcast
uphold 贊成
upheld
upheld
uppercut 上擊
uppercut
uppercut
uprise 起義
uprose
uprisen
upset 顛覆
upset
upset
upsweep 向上彎曲
upswept
upswept
upswing 躍進
upswung
upswung
wake 醒來
waked, woke
waked, woken, woke
waylay 埋伏
waylaid
waylaid
wear 穿著
wore
worn
weave 編織
wove
woven
wed 結婚
wedded, wed
wedded, wed
weep 哭泣
wept
wept
wet 打濕
wetted, wet
wetted, wet
will 意願
would
-
win 獲勝
won
won
wind 纏繞
winded, wound
winded, wound
wit 辯智
wist
wist
withdraw 撤退
withdrew
withdrawn
withhold 扣留
withheld
withheld
withstand 對抗
withstood
withstood
work:
工作
worked
worked
勞動
wrought
wrought
wring 擰
wrung
wrung
write 寫
wrote
written
take-toke break-broke find-found understand-understood see-saw go-went have-had make-made put-put can-could will-would know-knew run-ran swim-swam hit-hit...
壹、動詞ing的變化
1、壹般情況直接在後面加ing,如look--looking,jump--jumping.
2、以不發音的字母e結尾的單詞，先去掉e,再加ing ,如write--writing,have--having.
3、個別單詞需要記住：雙寫最後壹個輔音字母再加ing
run--running swim--swimming get--getting sit--sitting
begin-beginning
二、動詞ed的變化
1、壹般情況直接在後面加ed,如visit--visited,help--helped
2、以不發音的e結尾的加d,如decide--decided,
3、另外妳還需要背過不規則動詞過去式表，如go--went,do--did
adj 形容詞adv副詞 v動詞 n名詞 prep介詞pron代詞conj連詞