1.1 什麽是祈使句(imperative)?
祈使句 ,就是說話者用於發起壹個命令(command)或者指令(instruction),或者發出請求(make a request),或者提供建議(advice)的句子。
1.2祈使句現象舉例。
先看看下面這些句子:
“Go!” “Come here!” “Do me a favor.” “What?” “Who? ”“Who should do these things? ”
這些句子似乎僅由謂語短語組成!主語在那兒呢?實際上,它們隱藏了主語(或者說隱含了主語),也指可以理解的主語(an understood subject)。如果妳將主語補充完整,就很好理解了,例如:
(1) (You) go!
(2) (You) come here!
(3) (You) do me a favor.
(4) (You) please join us for dinner. (邀請式)
(5) (You) come out with us tonight. (邀請式)
(6) (You) stop feeding the dog from the table. (請求或命令式)
(7) (You) choose the Irish wolfhound, not the German shepherd. (建議式)
(8) Wear your gold necklace with that dress. (建議式)
1.3祈使句的主語。
1.3.1 命令式祈使句的主語可以理解成“you”,例如:
(1) (You) tidy your room! 整理好妳的房間!
(2) (You) please tidy your room. 請妳整理壹下房間。
(3) (You) shut up! 妳閉嘴。
(4) (You ) please keep the noise down. 小聲點。
(5) (You ) consider the lily. 考慮壹下百合花。
1.3.2 偶爾在非正式口語中,也可以將祈使句的主語理解為“I”,例如:
(1) “Hope you feel better!”
這兒的主語應該理解成“I”,即“(I) hope you feel better!”
(2) “Best wishes.”
可理解為“(I have) best wishes (in my heart for you).” 或 “(I am sending you my) best wishes.”
(3) “Hope that helps.”
可理解為“(I) hope that helps (for you).”
(4) Have a good trip.(表示願望。)
可理解為“(I wish you) have a good trip.”
但是,需要特別註意,這種理解僅限於非正式的表達中,正式用法不認可這種理解。
1.3.3祈使句的主語也可能是其它名詞或代詞,例如:
(1)? Everybody ?look!
(2) Relax,? everybody .
(3)? Nobody ?move!
(4)? John ?sit down; the rest of you go home.
(5)? Somebody ?answer the phone!
1.4祈使句的句尾標點符號用法。
1.4.1 強迫式的命令式祈使句使用感嘆號(Exclamation Mark)結尾,例如:
(1) (You ) get out! 妳滾出去!
(2) (You) watch your mouth, young man! 年輕人,註意妳的言辭!
(3) (You) go, and never darken my towels again! (Comedian Groucho Marx)
去吧,別再把我的毛巾弄臟了。
但是,必須註意,並非所有以感嘆號結尾的句子都是祈使句,應該從上下文環境來判斷,例如:
(1) I came first, Lee! 李,我第壹個趕到這兒!
(這是壹個表達喜悅和驚訝情緒的感嘆句)
(2) Shut up!
(這個句子也可能是壹個祈使句,但是,這種方式也用於表達“決於,壹點也不”(“no way”)的含義。這種情況時,是用於表達驚奇的感嘆句。應該根據上下文來判斷,是否說話人是表示事業意,還是表示驚呀。)
1.4.1 禮貌或紳士的命令式祈使句使用句號(period或full stop)結尾,例如:
(1) (You) pass the pepper. 把這個胡椒粉給我遞壹下。
(2) (You) don't forget to feed the pony. 別忘了餵馬。
(3) If you've heard this story before, (you) don't stop me, because I'd like to hear it again. (Groucho Marx)
如果妳以前聽過這個故事,別打斷我,我想再聽壹遍。
(4) A child of five would understand this. Send someone to fetch a child of five. (Groucho Marx)
(句中,只有第二個句子是命令式祈使句。)
1.4.3 建議的命令式祈使句使用句號結尾,例如:
(1) (You) don't count the days. Make the days count. (Boxer Muhammad Ali)
不要數日子。讓每壹天過得有意義。
(2) (You) do not condemn the judgement of another because it differs from your own. (Philosopher Dandemis)
不要譴責別人的判斷,因為它與妳的判斷本質就不同。
2. 感嘆句分析。
2.1 什麽是感嘆句(imperative)?
感嘆句是用來表達激動、驚訝、快樂和憤怒等強烈情緒的句子,以感嘆號結尾。有時候,為了增強感嘆效果,常常在感嘆句之前加上感嘆語,感嘆句後面接逗號,以表達比較溫和的效果;而感嘆詞後接感嘆號,表達強調的效果。例如:
(1) It is too dangerous to climb that mountain!
(2) I got an A on my book report!
(3) I got the concert tickets!
(4)?Ugh! Why are you yelling at me? (感嘆詞“Ugh”後面接感嘆號,表達強調。)
(5) I'm not!
(6) Hey! What a brilliant idea that is! (感嘆詞“Hey”後面接感嘆號,表達強調。)
(7) Oh, how I wish I were there now!(感嘆詞“oh”後面接逗號,表達溫和。)
(8) Wow! What a cool car you've got!(感嘆詞“Wow”後面接感嘆號,表達強調。)
2.2 感嘆句的句子成分。
感嘆句常以 what,how,so,such, 等詞引導,感嘆句的引導詞可以看成是句子其它成分的修飾語 。 例如 :
(1) What a great question that is!
主語:“that”
謂語:“is”(連系動詞)
補語:“a great question”,“what”是“a great question”的修飾語。
(2) Oh Granny, what big teeth you have!
句子附加成分:“Oh Granny”
主語:“you”。
謂語:“have”。
補語:“big teeth”,“what”是“big teeth”的修飾語。
(3) How bright they've grown in the sunlight!
主語 :“ they ”。
謂語:“have grown”。
謂語修飾語(或者謂語補語):“How bright”,“how”是bright的修飾語,“how”是程度副詞,修飾形容詞“bright”。
“in the sunlight”副詞短語,謂語補語修飾語。
(4) That birthday cake was so good!
(5) Sheldon's gift was so amazing!
(6) Eugh, that bug is so ugly!
(7) I’m so mad right now!
(8) He's such a kind soul!
(9) That's such a gorgeous ring!
(9) Your puppy is such a cutie!
(10) You’re such a liar!
2.3 感嘆句的簡寫格式。
感嘆句在實際使用中常常簡寫,通常省略掉動詞。如果壹個句子沒有動詞,文法上來講不能算作壹個句子,因此,可以把這個表達方式看成了壹種特別的表達方式,這種用法在英語中也非常普遍。例如:
簡寫形式----------------------------------------完整格式(完整的句子)
(1) What a brilliant idea!----------------------What a brilliant idea that is!
(2) What a cool car! ------------------------What a cool car you've got!
(3) How lovely!---------------------------------How lovely those flowers are!