Japan started from 1941 to Southeast Asia's development to cause thislocal main powerful nation restlessness, for ten years these countrieslimited at most to Japan's foreign expansion disaffection to submitthe diplomatic written protest, but in 1941 July US, England andHolland colonized the government to announce the prohibition to Japanto the Japanese transportation strategic resources, in particularsteel and petroleum. This step all has the threat to Japan's economyand the military, its goal is forces Japan to limit it in SoutheastAsia's activity, returns to nearby the conference table. Rooseveltissues an order to let the fleet be stationed in Pearl harbor (becauseit leaves Japan seacoast to have to be much nearer than US west,therefore it to Japan is a direct threat) also is this goal. Rooseveltthought this decision is so important, down to when 理查遜 generalto this decision proposed when protest, he 理查遜 will dismiss fromoffice. But American and other national responses as if onlystrengthened the Japanese military's decision, seized and uses thisarea. Japan's petroleum output very small, but refines the petroleumpreserve are less, therefore embargoes to Japan is extremely seriousissue. The Japanese government decided occupies Southeast Asia theresources to take to the embargo reply. They cannot the supposition,if they started to take action, the USA Congress stood by in the oneside. This was mountain this 56 considerations eliminates US inanticipation in Pacific Ocean's strength reason.
Japan united fleets commander the mountain this 56 attacks Pearlharbor the naval base plan realizes in a this strategic goal tacticalstep. The Japanese material demonstrated Shan Benyu at the beginningof 1941 started to consider attacked Pearl harbor. After severalmonths, after made some to inspect in advance, he is authorized tostart to prepare this motion. The Japanese navy interior has intenseopposition this kind of motion the strength. Shan Ben threat, if thismotion is stopped the speech, he will retire from office. In 1941 thesummer, in time in the empire conference which personally attended bythe Japanese emperor of Japan, this motion is officially authorized.In November, in the empire conference which another emperor of Japanpersonally attends, dispatches troops into battle Pacific Ocean'sdecision to authorize. Also decided in November conference that, onlyhas in US completely agreed Japanese overriding demand in thesituation only then gives up this motion.
Attacks Pearl harbor the goal is for (at least temporarily) eliminatesUnited States Navy's on Pacific Ocean main force. Attacks engineermountain this 56 myself which Pearl harbor plans to think a time ofsuccessful attack energy band comes year about the strategicadvantage. Started Japan and China from 1931 joins battle, before thisJapan has seized Manchu. Japan started from January, 1941 to planattacks Pearl harbor to have the strategic advantage, after passedthrough some navy interior discussions and the dispute starts theJapanese navy from the year to start for this motion to carry on thestrict training.
Japan plans a part is (moreover must before attack) stop before theattack with US'S consultation. To December 7 up to, Japan'scontinuously in carries on the very widespread discussion inWashington ambassador in diplomat with the American Ministry ofForeign Affairs, the summer invaded Southeast Asia including US toJapan in 1941 the response. Before the attack Japanese ambassador hasobtained a very long telegram from the Japanese Ministry of ForeignAffairs, and makes (the Washington time) it is submitted when theattack Secretary of State the Codel hull. But ambassador the personnelhas not been able promptly to decode and to print this very longcredentials. Finally this proclaims the war declaration only then tosubmit after the attack for US. This detention increased US to thisattack anger, it is President Roosevelt is called this day "ashameless day" the main reason. General Shan Ben agrees with thisviewpoint as if. Movie is in harmony which in Japan and America"tiger! Tiger! Tiger!" Center he is quoted said that, "Perhaps my wehave awakened a deep sleep giant, now he has filled the anger." (Thisspeech mountain notebook person never had possibly said, even so he asif indeed so feels).
In fact this credentials submitted in front of US in Japan on alreadyto decode by US. George Marshall after read this credentials totransmit an urgent warning immediately to Hawaii, but because theUnited States military interior transducer chaotic this telegram couldnot but transmit through the civil telecommunication bureau. It lostit on the road "to be urgent" the symbol. Attacks several hours latteryoung date lineage US mailman to deliver this telegram the UnitedStates military headquarters
珍珠港事件是1941年12月7日清晨,日本帝國海軍的航空母艦艦載飛機和微型潛艇突然襲擊美國海軍太平洋艦隊在夏威夷基地珍珠港以及美國陸軍和海軍在歐胡島上的飛機場的事件。太平洋戰爭由此爆發。這次襲擊最終將美國卷入第二次世界大戰,它是繼19世紀中墨西哥戰爭後第壹次另壹個國家對美國領土的攻擊。這個事件也被稱為偷襲珍珠港或奇襲珍珠港。
背景
日本從1941年中開始向東南亞的發展引起了這個地區主要強國的不安,十年來這些國家對日本的對外擴張的不滿頂多局限於遞交外交抗議書,但1941年7月美國、英國和荷蘭殖民政府對日本宣布禁止向日本運輸戰略物資,尤其是鋼和石油。這壹步對日本的經濟和軍事都有威脅,其目的是迫使日本限制它在東南亞的活動,回到談判桌邊。羅斯福下令讓艦隊駐紮在珍珠港(由於它離日本比美國西海岸要近得多,因此它對日本是壹個直接威脅)也是這個目的。羅斯福認為這個決定是如此重要,以至於當理查遜上將對這個決定提出抗議時,他將理查遜解職。但美國和其它國家的反應似乎只是加強了日本軍方的決定,占領和利用這個地區。日本的石油產量很小,而提煉的石油的儲藏更少,因此禁運對日本是壹個非常嚴重的問題。日本政府決定占據東南亞的資源作為對禁運的回答。他們不能假設,假如他們開始行動了,美國會在壹旁袖手旁觀。這是山本五十六考慮事前消滅美國在太平洋的力量的原因。
日本聯合艦隊司令山本五十六襲擊珍珠港的海軍基地的計劃是實現這個戰略目的中的壹個戰術步驟。日本資料顯示山本於1941年初開始考慮襲擊珍珠港。數月後,在做了壹些預先考察後,他被批準開始準備這個行動。日本海軍內部有強烈的反對這樣壹個行動的力量。山本威脅,假如這個行動被中止的話,他將引退。1941年夏,在壹次由日本天皇親自出席的帝國會議上,這個行動正式被批準。11月,在另壹次天皇親自出席的帝國會議上,出兵太平洋的決定被批準。在11月的會議上還決定,只有在美國完全同意日本主要要求的的情況下才放棄這次行動。
襲擊珍珠港的目的是為了(至少暫時)消滅美國海軍在太平洋上的主力。襲擊珍珠港計劃的策劃者山本五十六本人認為壹次成功的襲擊只能帶來壹年左右的戰略優勢。從1931年開始日本與中國交戰,此前日本占領了滿洲。從1941年1月日本開始計劃襲擊珍珠港以取得戰略優勢,經過壹些海軍內部的討論和爭執後從年中開始日本海軍開始為這次行動進行嚴格的訓練。
日本計劃的壹部分是在襲擊前(而且必須在襲擊前)中止與美國的協商。到12月7日為止,日本駐華盛頓大使中的外交官壹直在與美國外交部進行很廣泛的討論,包括美國對日本在1941年夏入侵東南亞的反應。襲擊前日本大使從日本外交部獲得了壹封很長的電報,並受令在襲擊前(華盛頓時間下午壹時)將它遞交國務卿科德爾·赫爾。但大使人員未能及時解碼和打印這篇很長的國書。最後這篇宣戰書在襲擊後才遞交給美國。這個延遲增加了美國對這次襲擊的憤怒,它是羅斯福總統將這天稱為“壹個無恥的日子”的主要原因。山本上將似乎同意這個觀點。在日美合拍的電影《虎!虎!虎!》中他被引用說:“我恐怕我們將壹個沈睡的巨人喚醒了,現在他充滿了憤怒。”(這句話山本本人可能從未說過,即使如此他似乎的確如此感覺)。
實際上這篇國書在日本遞交美國前就已經被美國解碼了。喬治·馬歇爾在讀過這篇國書後立刻向夏威夷發送了壹張緊急警告,但由於美軍內部傳送系統的混亂這篇電報不得不通過民用電信局來傳達。在路上它失去了它的“緊急”標誌。襲擊數小時後壹個年輕的日裔美國郵遞員將這張電報送到美軍司令部。
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