(1)過去分詞用作定語,總的來說,充當前置修飾語的過去分詞通常來自及物動詞,帶有被動意義和完成意義,如:
a broken cup 壹只打破的杯子(被動)
the risen sun 已升起的太陽(完成)
spoken English 口語
(2)有些過去分詞不能單獨作前置修飾語,但可以借助某些前綴或副詞來作前置定語。例如:
uninvited guests 沒有被邀請的客人
unheard–of stories 沒有聽說過的故事
an unexpected happening 意想不到的事
badly-built house 建得很差的房子
newly-born baby 新出生的嬰兒
highly-developed industry 高速發展的工業
(3)壹般來說,不及物動詞的過去分詞很少單獨作前置修飾語,能這樣用的僅限於少數幾個詞,他們作前置定語時僅指完成意義,而不指被動。如:
a retired worker (a worker who has retired ) 壹個退休工人
an escaped prisoner (a prisoner who has escaped) 壹個逃犯
fallen leaves (leaves that have fallen) 落葉
the risen sun (the sun that has just risen) 升起了的太陽
a returned student (a student who has returned) 回歸的學生
a grown man (a person who has grown to a man's size )壹個成年人
(4)某些不及物動詞的過去分詞,單獨不可以作前置定語,但可以與某些副詞構成復合形容詞作前置定語,如:
well-behaved children 表現好的孩子
a widely-travelled business man 遊歷廣泛的商人
newly-arrived visitors 剛來的參觀者
(5)過去分詞作後置定語時,相當於省略了(that/which be)的定語從句。
例如:The bridge, built in 1950, broke down yesterday.
這座建於1950年的橋昨天塌了。
(built in 1950相當於壹個定語從句,which was built in 1950)
Things seen are mightier than things heard.
眼見為實,耳聽為虛。
(相當於:Things which are seen are mightier than things which are heard)
2.過去分詞作主語補語或賓語補語
用作主語補語或賓語補語的過去分詞大都來自及物動詞。凡是已經形容詞化了的-ed分詞,大都可以既作名詞修飾語即定語,也可作主語補語或賓語補語。例如:
The door remains locked(主補)
I found the door locked(賓補)
I found a locked door(定語)
可引導復合賓語的動詞常用的有:find /get / have / want / leave / make / see/ hear /notice/ watch / observe/ feel/ keep / order / wish等。這些詞後面的賓語如果與後面的賓語補足語是被動關系,即用過去分詞。例如:
I found my house broken into after I returned.
當我回來時,我發現房子被人破門而入了。
You should get the bike repaired as soon as possible.
妳應該盡快地把自行車給修理壹下。
I want to have my hair cut.
我想理發。
I want the plan (to be) carried out next year.
我希望此計劃明年可被執行。
He ran out and left his food untouched.
他跑出去了,食物壹點都沒動。
You should make yourself heard when speaking.
說話時,妳應該讓別人能聽得見妳。
I heard the song sung in English.
我聽過用英文唱的這首歌。
He ordered the job to be done at once.
他命令馬上完成這項工作。
Everybody thought the battle lost.
每個人都認為戰鬥失敗了。
We found her greatly changed.
我們發現她變了很多。
I felt my shoulder touched by somebody.
我覺得有人在拍我的肩膀。
I saw her tied to a tree.
我發現她被困在壹個樹上。
Please keep us informed of the latest development.
請隨時讓我們知道最近的發展動態。
註意:
(1)"have+賓語+過去分詞"這壹結構有三種不同意義。
We had the problem solved.
我們解決了這個問題("致使",壹種有意的行為)
She had her leg broken in an accident.
在壹次事故中,她摔斷了腿。(表示"遭受",壹種無意的行為)
I have not any money left.
我沒剩下多少錢了。("有")
(2)like, want, wish, order, expect等表示"希望、要求、命令"等意義的動詞後面可用to be+過去分詞作賓補,to be也可被省略,例如:
I don't want any of you (to be) involved in the scandal.
我不希望妳們當中的任何人陷入這樁醜聞。
He won't like such questions (to be) discussed at the meeting.
他並不希望在會上討論這樣的問題。
3.過去分詞作狀語
過去分詞作狀語,在意義上相當於壹個狀語從句。如:
(1)United, we stand; divided, we fall.
如果團結起來,我們就能成功,如果分裂,我們就會失敗。
(相當於If(When) we are united ,we stand; if (when) we are divided, we fall)
(2)Moved by the story, he decided to study harder.
由於被這個故事感動,他決定更加努力學習。
(相當於Because he was moved….)
(3)Having been shown around the library, we came to the classroom building.
我們參觀了圖書館後,我們來到了教學樓前。
(相當於After we were shown around…)
4.with引導的復合賓語中的過去分詞
with可以引導復合賓語,如果賓語與後面作賓語補足語的動詞構成被動關系,則使用過去分詞,即"with+賓語+過去分詞"結構。如:
The girl sat these with her hand tied back.
這個女孩坐在那裏,雙手被捆綁在後面。