1.2021年12月英語四級語法知識
壹 、獨立結構的構成：只有當分詞短語的邏輯主語和句子主語不壹致時，我們才能用獨立結構。獨立結構只用做狀語，多用於書面語言。常見的獨立結構有以下幾種：
(壹) 名詞/代詞+分詞(包括現在分詞和過去分詞)：
1 The boy ran quickly, his father following. (表示伴隨情況)
2 He lay on his back, his hands acrossed under his head. (表示伴隨情況)
(二)名詞/代詞+形容詞：
1、They started home, their minds full of plans for increasing production. (表示伴隨情況)
2、 He was silent for a moment, his lips tight. (表示伴隨情況)
(三)名詞/代詞+副詞：
1、 He put on his socks, wrong side out. (表示補充說明)
2 、The war over, all the Chinese people’s volunteers came back to China. (表示補充說明)
(四)名詞/代詞+介詞(短語)
1 、She came in, a baby in her arms. (表示伴隨情況)
2 、He went off, gun in hand. (表示伴隨情況)
二、獨立結構在句子中的作用：
獨立結構在句子中只能做狀語，這種結構可以用來：
(壹)表示時間：
His homework done, Jim decided to go and see the play.
(=After his homework was done, he decided to go and see the play.)
(二)表示原因：
The last bus having gone, we had to walk home.
(=Because the last bus having gone, we had to walk home. )
(三)表示條件：
Weather permitting, we’ll go for an outing tomorrow.
(=If weather permitting, we’ll go for an outing tomorrow.)
(四)表示伴隨情況或伴隨狀況：
They walked through the forest, an old hunter leading the way.
(五)表示補充說明：
He lived in a wooden house with two rooms, one being a bedroom and the other being an office.
(=He lived in a wooden house with two rooms, one was a bedroom, the other was an office.)
三、獨立變格的變化
在帶有邏輯主語的分詞及其短語前加”with”
1、——Why are they taking all the equipment away?
——The job_____, they are packing up to leave.
A. it to done B. did C. was did D. done
2、Other things being equal, a man who expresses himself effectively is sure to succeed more rapidly than the man whose command of language is poor.
2.2021年12月英語四級語法知識
分詞的語態1)通常，現在分詞表示主動，過去分詞表示被動，例如：
He is the man giving you the money. (= who gave you…) 他就是給妳錢的那個人。
He is the man stopped by the car. ( = who was stopped by…)
他就是那個被車攔住的人。
2)不及物動詞的過去分詞表示動作已經發生
gone, fallen, retired, grown-up, escaped, faded, returned
例: a well-read person. 壹個讀過許多書的人
a much-travelled may 壹個去過許多地方的人
3.2021年12月英語四級語法知識
壹般現在時的用法1) 經常性或習慣性的動作，常與表示頻腮度的時間狀語連用。
時間狀語： every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday
I leave home for school at 7 every morning.
2) 客觀真理，客觀存在，科學事實。
The earth moves around the sun.
Shanghai lies in the east of China.
3) 表示格言或警句中。
Pride goes before a fall. 驕者必敗。
註意：此用法如果出現在賓語從句中，即使主句是過去時，從句謂語也要用壹般現在時。
例：Columbus proved that the earth is round..
4) 現在時刻的狀態、能力、性格、個性。
I don't want so much.
Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well.
比較：Now I put the sugar in the cup.
I am doing my homework now.
第壹句用壹般現在時，用於操作演示或指導說明的示範性動作，表示言行的瞬間動作。再如：Now watch me, I switch on the current and stand back. 第二句中的now是進行時的標誌，表示正在進行的動作的客觀狀況，所以後句用壹般現在時。