Hieronymus?Bosch
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For?the?literary?character?created?by?Michael?Connelly,?see?Harry?Bosch.
For?the?New?Zealand?band,?see?Hieronymus?Bosch?(band).
Hieronymus?Bosch?
Hieronymus?Bosch;?alleged?self-portrait?(around?1516)[1]?
Birth?name?Jheronimus?van?Aken?
Born?2?October,?1453
Died?9?August,?1516
's-Hertogenbosch,?The?Netherlands?
Field?Painting,?drawing?
Movement?Renaissance?
Works?The?Garden?of?Earthly?Delights
The?Temptation?of?St.?Anthony
The?Ship?of?Fools?
Influenced?Pieter?Brueghel?the?Elder
Surrealism
Joan?Miró?
Hieronymus?Bosch?(English?pronunciation:?/?har?n?m?s?b?/,?Dutch:?[?ieo?nim?s?b?s];?born?Jeroen?Anthoniszoon?van?Aken?[j?run?ɑn?to?n?so?n?vɑn?a?k?(n)];?c.2?October?1453?–?August?9,?1516)?was?an?Early?Netherlandish?painter?of?the?fifteenth?and?sixteenth?centuries.?The?artist's?work?is?well-known?for?the?use?of?fantastic?imagery?to?illustrate?moral?and?religious?concepts?and?narratives.[2]
Contents?[hide]
1?Life?
2?Art?
3?Interpretation?
4?Debates?on?attribution?
5?Works?
6?Notes?
7?References?
8?External?links?
[edit]?Life
Hieronymus?Bosch?was?born?Hieronymus?(or?Jeroen)?van?Aken?(meaning?"from?Aachen").?He?signed?a?number?of?his?paintings?as?Bosch?(pronounced?Boss?in?Dutch).?The?name?derives?from?his?birthplace,?'s-Hertogenbosch,?which?is?commonly?called?"Den?Bosch".
Little?is?known?of?Bosch’s?life?or?training.?He?left?behind?no?letters?or?diaries,?and?what?has?been?identified?has?been?taken?from?brief?references?to?him?in?the?municipal?records?of?'s-Hertogenbosch,?and?in?the?account?books?of?the?local?order?of?the?Brotherhood?of?Our?Lady.?Nothing?is?known?of?his?personality?or?his?thoughts?on?the?meaning?of?his?art.?Bosch’s?date?of?birth?has?not?been?determined?with?certainty.?It?is?estimated?at?c.?1450?on?the?basis?of?a?hand?drawn?portrait?(which?may?be?a?self-portrait)?made?shortly?before?his?death?in?1516.?The?drawing?shows?the?artist?at?an?advanced?age,?probably?in?his?late?sixties.[1]
Detail?from?The?Temptation?of?St.?AnthonyBosch?was?born?and?lived?all?his?life?in?and?near?‘s-Hertogenbosch,?the?capital?of?the?Dutch?province?of?Brabant.?His?grandfather,?Jan?van?Aken?(died?1454),?was?a?painter?and?is?first?mentioned?in?the?records?in?1430.?It?is?known?that?Jan?had?five?sons,?four?of?whom?were?also?painters.?Bosch’s?father,?Anthonius?van?Aken?(died?c.?1478)?acted?as?artistic?adviser?to?the?Brotherhood?of?Our?Lady.[3]?It?is?generally?assumed?that?either?Bosch’s?father?or?one?of?his?uncles?taught?the?artist?to?paint,?however?none?of?their?works?survive.[4]?Bosch?first?appears?in?the?municipal?record?in?1474,?when?he?is?named?along?with?two?brothers?and?a?sister.
's-Hertogenbosch?was?a?flourishing?city?in?fifteenth?century?Brabant,?in?the?south?of?the?present-day?Netherlands.?In?1463,?4,000?houses?in?the?town?were?destroyed?by?a?catastrophic?fire,?which?the?then?(approximately)?13-year-old?Bosch?may?have?witnessed.?He?became?a?popular?painter?in?his?lifetime?and?often?received?commissions?from?abroad.?In?1488?he?joined?the?highly?respected?Brotherhood?of?Our?Lady,?an?arch-conservative?religious?group?of?some?40?influential?citizens?of?'s-Hertogenbosch,?and?7,000?'outer-members'?from?around?Europe.
Some?time?between?1479?and?1481,?Bosch?married?Aleyt?Goyaerts?van?den?Meerveen,?who?was?a?few?years?older?than?the?artist.?The?couple?moved?to?the?nearby?town?of?Oirschot,?where?his?wife?had?inherited?a?house?and?land,?from?her?wealthy?family.[5]
An?entry?in?the?accounts?of?the?Brotherhood?of?Our?Lady?records?Bosch’s?death?in?1516.?A?funeral?mass?served?in?his?memory?was?held?in?the?church?of?Saint?John?on?9?August?of?that?year.[6]
[edit]?Art
The?Garden?of?Earthly?Delights?is?Bosch's?most?widely?known?triptychBosch?produced?several?triptychs.?Among?his?most?famous?is?The?Garden?of?Earthly?Delights.?This?painting?depicts?paradise?with?Adam?and?Eve?and?many?wondrous?animals?on?the?left?panel,?the?earthly?delights?with?numerous?nude?figures?and?tremendous?fruit?and?birds?on?the?middle?panel,?and?hell?with?depictions?of?fantastic?punishments?of?the?various?types?of?sinners?on?the?right?panel.?When?the?exterior?panels?are?closed?the?viewer?can?see,?painted?in?grisaille,?God?creating?the?Earth.?These?paintings?have?a?rough?surface?from?the?application?of?paint;?this?contrasts?with?the?traditional?Flemish?style?of?paintings,?where?the?smooth?surface?attempts?to?hide?the?fact?that?the?painting?is?man-made.
Bosch?never?dated?his?paintings?and?may?have?signed?only?some?of?them?(other?signatures?are?certainly?not?his).?Fewer?than?25?paintings?remain?today?that?can?be?attributed?to?him.?Philip?II?of?Spain?acquired?many?of?Bosch's?paintings?after?the?painter's?death;?as?a?result,?the?Prado?Museum?in?Madrid?now?owns?several?of?his?works,?including?The?Garden?of?Earthly?Delights.
[edit]?Interpretation
In?earlier?centuries?it?was?often?believed?that?Bosch’s?art?was?inspired?by?medieval?heresies?and?obscure?hermetic?practices.?Others?thought?that?his?work?was?created?merely?to?titillate?and?amuse,?much?like?the?"grotteschi"?of?the?Italian?Renaissance.?While?the?art?of?the?older?masters?was?based?in?the?physical?world?of?everyday?experience,?Bosch?confronts?his?viewer?with,?in?the?words?of?the?art?historian?Walter?Gibson,?"a?world?of?dreams?[and]?nightmares?in?which?forms?seem?to?flicker?and?change?before?our?eyes."?In?the?first?known?account?of?Bosch’s?paintings,?in?1560?the?Spaniard?Felipe?de?Guevara?wrote?that?Bosch?was?regarded?merely?as?"the?inventor?of?monsters?and?chimeras".?In?the?early?seventeenth?century,?the?Dutch?art?historian?Karel?van?Mander?described?Bosch’s?work?as?comprising?"wondrous?and?strange?fantasies";?however,?he?concluded?that?the?paintings?are?"often?less?pleasant?than?gruesome?to?look?at."[7]
In?the?twentieth?century,?scholars?have?come?to?view?Bosch’s?vision?as?less?fantastic,?and?accepted?that?his?art?reflects?the?orthodox?religious?belief?systems?of?his?age.?His?depictions?of?sinful?humanity,?his?conceptions?of?Heaven?and?Hell?are?now?seen?as?consistent?with?those?of?late?medieval?didactic?literature?and?sermons.?Most?writers?attach?a?more?profound?significance?to?his?paintings?than?had?previously?been?supposed,?and?attempt?to?interpret?it?in?terms?of?a?late?medieval?morality.?It?is?generally?accepted?that?Bosch’s?art?was?created?to?teach?specific?moral?and?spiritual?truths?in?the?manner?of?other?Northern?Renaissance?figures,?such?as?the?poet?Robert?Henryson,?and?that?the?images?rendered?have?precise?and?premeditated?significance.?According?to?Dirk?Bax,?Bosch’s?paintings?often?represent?visual?translations?of?verbal?metaphors?and?puns?drawn?from?both?biblical?and?folkloric?sources.[8]
However,?some?writers?see?Bosch?as?a?proto-type?medieval?surrealist,?and?parallels?are?often?made?with?the?twentieth?century?Spanish?artist?Salvador?Dali.?Other?writers?attempt?to?interpret?his?imagery?using?the?language?of?Freudian?psychology.?However?such?theses?are?commonly?rejected;?according?to?Gibson,?"what?we?choose?to?call?the?libido?was?denounced?by?the?medieval?church?as?original?sin;?what?we?see?as?the?expression?of?the?subconscious?mind?was?for?the?Middle?Ages?the?promptings?of?God?or?the?Devil."[9]
The?artist?Susan?Dorothea?White?has?produced?contemporary?interpretations?of?Bosch's?compositions?-?The?Crowning?with?Sexism?combines?iconographic?images?of?Marilyn?Monroe?and?Joe?DiMaggio,?and?The?Seven?Deadly?Sins?of?Modern?Times?and?The?Seven?Deadly?Isms,?both?on?circular?tables,?depict?contemporary?sins?and?obsessions.
[edit]?Debates?on?attribution
The?exact?number?of?Bosch's?surviving?works?has?been?a?subject?of?considerable?debate.?He?signed?only?seven?of?his?paintings,?and?there?is?uncertainty?whether?all?the?paintings?once?ascribed?to?him?were?actually?from?his?hand.?It?is?known?that?from?the?early?sixteenth?century?onwards?numerous?copies?and?variations?of?his?paintings?began?to?circulate.?In?addition,?his?style?was?highly?influential,?and?was?widely?imitated?by?his?numerous?followers.[10]
Over?the?years,?scholars?have?attributed?to?him?fewer?and?fewer?of?the?works?once?thought?to?be?his,?and?today?only?25?are?definitively?ascribed?to?him.
[edit]?Works
Main?article:?Works?of?Hieronymus?Bosch
[edit]?Notes
^?a?b?Gibson,?15-16?
^?Catherine?B.?Scallen,?The?Art?of?the?Northern?Renaissance?(Chantilly:?The?Teaching?Company,?2007)?Lecture?26?
^?Gibson,?15,?17?
^?Gibson,?19?
^?Valery,?Paul.?"The?Phase?of?Doubt,?A?Critical?Reflection".?
^?Gibson,?18?
^?Gibson,?9?
^?Bax,?1949.?
^?Gibson,?12?
^?Gibson,?163?
[edit]?References
Bax,?Dirk.?(1949),?“Ontcijfering?van?Jeroen?Bosch”.?Den?Haag.?
Gibson,?Walter?S?(1973).?“Hieronymus?Bosch”.?New?York:?Thames?and?Hudson.?ISBN?0-5002-O134-X?
Koldeweij,?Jos?&?Bernard?Vermet?&?Barbera?van?Kooij:?Hieronymus?Bosch.?New?Insights?Into?His?Life?and?Work,?NAi?Publishers,?Rotterdam?2001.?ISBN?9-0566-2214-5?
中文：
希羅尼穆斯·波希
傳為希羅尼穆斯·波希的自畫像（大約於1560年）?
本名?Jeroen?van?Aken?
出生?1450
逝世?1516
國籍?荷蘭?
希羅尼穆斯·波希（Hieronymus?Bosch，其真名為Jeroen?van?Aken，另名Jeroen?Bosch；西元1450年－西元1516年八月）是壹位十五至十六世紀的多產荷蘭畫家。他多數的畫作多在描繪罪惡與人類道德的沈淪。波希以惡魔、半人半獸甚至是機械的形象來表現人的邪惡。他的圖畫復雜，有高度的原創性、想像力，並大量使用各式的象征與符號，其中有些甚至在他的時代中也非常晦澀難解。波希被認為是20世紀的超現實主義的啟發者之壹。
他的真名是Jheronimus（或Jeroen）van?Aken，意思是“亞琛來的人”。他在壹部份畫作上署名Bosch（荷蘭文，音近英文Boss），取自他的出生地斯海爾托亨博斯。在西班牙文中他則多被稱為El?Bosco。
波希出生於繪畫世家，他的雙親分別是荷蘭與德國人。他大部分的人生都在斯海爾托亨博斯渡過，這是十五世紀當時布拉班特（今荷蘭南部）壹個熱鬧的城市。1463年時，約13歲的他可能曾目睹在當地發生的嚴重火災。不久之後他成為知名的畫家，甚至曾接到海外的委托。1488年他加入了“Our?Lady”兄弟會，壹個極端保守的信仰組織，由40位斯海爾托亨博斯當地有權勢的市民，以及歐洲各地7000多名的會員組成。
目錄?[隱藏]
1?風格?
2?作品列表?
2.1?已完成的三連畫（Triptych）?
2.2?未完成的三連畫?
2.3?油彩畫?
2.4?素描?
3?瑣事?
4?大眾文化?
5?參考資料?
6?外部鏈接?
[編輯]?風格
《地獄》，樂園的右幅。波希制作了多幅三連畫（triptych）——繪在三片接合起來的木質屏風上的畫作，其中最有名的是《樂園》（The?Garden?of?Earthly?Delights，亦作《塵世樂園》[1]）。這件三連畫的左幅，描繪了樂園中的亞當與夏娃與眾多奇妙的生物；中幅以大量裸身的人體、巨大的水果和鳥類描寫人間的樂園；右幅則是地獄的情境，充斥著大量造型奇幻的獄卒，以怪異的酷刑逞罰各式罪人。三件畫作合起時，觀賞者可見上帝創造地球的灰色裝飾畫。
這些畫作有壹層較粗糙的顏料表層，與傳統法蘭德斯（Flemish）風格，以平滑的表面修飾人為的不自然的手法大異其趣。
到了晚年時，波希的風格已有所轉變，改以描繪大型、接近觀賞者的人物為表現方式。代表作是帶刺冠的基督（Christ?Crowned?with?Thorns）。
波希從未在畫作上註明日期，也僅在部分作品上簽名（某些簽名則被認為並非本人）；總括來說，目前確認出自波希之手的畫作，僅有25幅。西班牙國王腓力二世在他死後收藏了他的大部分作品，因此目前西班牙馬德裏的普拉多美術館（Prado?Museum）有最豐富的波希作品收藏，包括“樂園”。
稍晚期的法蘭德斯畫家布勒哲爾受波希影響，其作品風格與波希相當近似，如1562年之死亡的勝利（The?Triumph?of?Death）。
[編輯]?作品列表
波希的各式畫作可能有不同的譯名。在此采用英文名稱；連結將連入英文維基百科。
[編輯]?已完成的三連畫（Triptych）
Haywain?(1500–1515)?
The?Garden?of?Earthly?Delights?（樂園，1466年）?
The?Temptation?of?St.?Anthony（聖安東尼的誘惑）?
The?Last?Judgement?（最後的審判，1482年）?
The?Epiphany?(The?Adoration?of?the?Magi)?（東方三賢者的朝拜，1510年）?
The?Crucifixion?of?St?Julia?
[編輯]?未完成的三連畫
Christ?Carrying?the?Cross?（Madrid?版本）?
Christ?Carrying?the?Cross?（1515-1516）?
The?Last?Judgement?（1506-08）?
記註為1494年後；曾為三連畫但現今其他部分已佚失：?
The?Ship?of?Fools?
Allegory?of?Gluttony?and?Lust?
Death?of?the?Miser?
[編輯]?油彩畫
Adoration?of?the?Child?
Christ?Carrying?the?Cross?(1480s)?
Christ?Crowned?with?Thorns?(1495-1500)?
Christ?Crowned?with?Thorns?(El?Escorial?版本)?
Crucifixion?With?a?Donor?(1483後)?
Death?of?the?Reprobate?
Ecce?Homo?(1476後)?
Ecce?Homo?(1490s)?
St.?Jerome?at?Prayer?(c.?1505)?
St.?Christopher?Carrying?the?Christ?Child?(1490–1500)?
St.?John?the?Baptist?in?the?Wilderness?(1495後)?
St.?John?the?Evangelist?on?Patmos?(1490後)?
The?Conjurer?(1500s)?
The?Extraction?of?the?Stone?of?Madness?(The?Cure?of?Folly)?(1500後)?
The?Marriage?Feast?at?Cana?(1500)?
The?Seven?Deadly?Sins?and?the?Four?Last?Things?(1500–1510)?
The?Wayfarer?
收藏於威尼斯公爵府的四張系列木板畫；1490之後?
Ascent?of?the?Blessed?
Terrestrial?Paradise?
Fall?of?the?Damned?
Hell?
[編輯]?素描
Animal?Studies?
Beehive?and?Witches?
Beggars?
Beggars?and?Cripples?
Christ?Carrying?The?Cross?
Death?of?the?Miser?
Group?of?Male?Figures?
Mary?and?John?at?the?Foot?of?the?Cross?
Nest?of?Owls?
Portrait?of?Hieronymus?Bosch?
Scenes?in?Hell?
Studies?
Studies?of?Monsters?
Temptation?of?St?Anthony?
The?Entombment?
The?Hearing?Forest?and?the?Seeing?Field?
The?Ship?of?Fools?
The?Ship?of?Fools?in?Flames?
Tree-Man?
Two?Caricatured?Heads?
Two?Monsters?
Two?Witches?
Witches?
[編輯]?瑣事
波希在2004年選出的“最偉大的荷蘭人（De?Grootste?Nederlander）”中列居第63位。[2]
[編輯]?大眾文化
在作家麥可?康納利的小說中，主角之名Hieronymus?Harry?Bosch即是以波希為靈感。此外，在康納利2001年的作品“A?Darkness?More?Than?Night”情節中，波希的畫作有重要的份量。?
童書繪本“Pish,?Posh,?Said?Hieronymus?Bosch”中，波希畫作中的各種生物，在壹位畫家與他的女友家裏變成活生生的生命。