同位語從句和定語從句
第壹部分：考點精講精練
例題：
He told me the news this morning ______ his father had come back.
A. which B. that C. which or that
答案是B。那麽A為什麽不可以呢？
要弄明白這個問題，就要搞清楚定語從句和同位語從句的區別。同位語從句和定語從句很相似，但還是有區別的，區別主要在以下三方面：
A. 從詞類上區別
同位語從句前面的名詞只能是idea, fact, news, hope, belief, suggestion, proposal, word, thought, doubt, truth, possibility, promise, order等有壹定內涵的名詞；而定語從句的先行詞可以是名詞、代詞，主句的壹部分或是整個主句。如:
① We are now looking into the question whether he is worth trusting.
我們正在調查的問題不是他是否值得信賴的問題。（同位語從句）
② Word came that he had been abroad.
據說他已經出國了。（同位語從句）
③ Our team has won the game, which made us very happy.
我們隊贏了,這讓我們很高興。（定語從句）
B. 從性質上區別
定語從句對其先行詞起修飾或限制作用，功能上相當於形容詞；而同位語從句是對前面抽象名詞的進壹步的說明和解釋，是名詞的具體內容，屬於名詞性從句的範疇。如:
① The news that our team has won the game was true.
我們隊贏了那場比賽的消息是真的。
（同位語從句，說明news到底是壹個什麽消息）
② The news that he told me yesterday was true.
昨天他告訴我的那個消息是真的。
（定語從句, 指他告訴我的消息）
③ I made a promise that if anyone set me free I would make him very rich.
我許諾如果誰讓我自由,我就讓他非常富有。
（同位語從句,補充說明promise的內容）
④ The mother made a promise that pleased all her children.
媽媽做出了壹個令她的孩子們高興的許諾。
（定語從句, promise在從句中作pleased的主語）
C. 引導詞上的區別
i. 引導詞that
引導詞that引導定語從句時，作從句的壹個成分，有時可用which替換，作賓語時常常省略；而that在同位語從句中僅起連接作用，不充當任何成分，並且不能省略，也不能用which來代替。
例：判斷下列句子是同位語從句還是定語從句。
① The order that we should send a few people to help the other groups was received yesterday.
我們應派幾個人去幫別的小組的命令昨天收到了。
② The order that we received yesterday was that we should send a few people to help the other groups.
我們昨天收到的命令是我們應該派幾個人去幫助別的幾個小組。
解析：
①是同位語從句，是對order的具體解釋，that雖不作成分，不能換為which, 也不能省略。
②是定語從句，是名詞order的修飾語，that在從句中作received的賓語，可以換為which，也可以省略。
ii. how, whether, what雖不能引導定語從句，卻可引導同位語從句；who, whose, whom, which, when, where, why除引導定語從句外，也可引導同位語從句。（參看P. 124第1講）
iii. 定語從句的引導詞反映的是先行詞的意思，而同位語從句的引導詞在意思上和前面的詞沒有聯系。
① The reason that he gave for his coming late was not true.
② The reason that his alarm clock was broken was not true.
在①中，that的意思是reason, 在定語從句中作give的賓語。在②句中，that只起連接作用，不含有the reason的意思。
iv. 在定語從句中，關系副詞可以換為“介詞+關系代詞”，而引導同位語從句的連接副詞卻不能換為“介詞+連接代詞”的形式。
① The suggestion where he stressed the importance of exercising was very practical.
② The suggestion where we should exercise regularly is very practical.
在上面的句①中，where可以換為in which；在句②中，where不能換為in which。
例：判斷下列句子是同位語從句還是定語從句。
① That question whether we need it has not been considered.
② I have no idea what has happened to him.
③ I haven’t answered the question how I will deal with it.
④ The school where Bob studies is in the middle of the city.
⑤ The decision when we should get started hasn’t been made.
解析：①、②、③是同位語從句，它們是在說明前面詞的內容, whether, what和how不能引導定語從句。
④是定語從句，where反映的是先行詞的意思，可以換為in which。
⑤是同位語從句。從句是在說明decision的內容。when並沒有反映the decision的意思。when也不能改為 at which time。
練習
1. The news ______ he has been elected president of the United States is true.
A. that B which C. what D. where
2. The news ______ you told me yesterday is true.
A. that B when C. what D. where
3. 2006重慶Nobody believed his reason for being absent from the class ______ he had to meet his uncle at the air port.
A. why B. that C. where D. because
4. Is this the reason ______ he explained at the meeting for his carelessness in his work?
A. that B. what C. how D. why
5. Galileo collected the facts ______ proved the earth and all the other planets move around the sun.
A. that B. which C. / D. A and B
6. Galileo discovered the fact ______ the earth and all the other planets move around the sun.
A. that B. which C. / D. A and B
7. 2006安徽A warm thought suddenly came to me ______ I might use the pocket money to buy some flowers for my mother’s birthday.
A. if B. when C. that D. which
8. 2004上海A story goes ______ ElizabethⅠof England liked nothing more than being surrounded by clever and qualified noblemen at court.
A. when B. where C. what D. that
9. There is much chance ______ Bill will recover from his injury in time for the race.
A. that B. which C. until D. if
10. 2009浙江—Is there any possibility ______ you could pick me up at the airport ?
—No problem.
A. when B. that C. whether D. what
11. Three days later, word came ______ our country had sent up another man-made satellite.
A. which B. when C. that D. where
12. 2009重慶We should consider the students’ request ______ the school library provide more books on popular science.
A. that B. when C. which D. where
第二部分：綜合能力提升
I. 改錯（每題只有壹個錯誤）
13. 2007天津However, I was lucky enough to have a teacher who didn’t take my bad grades as a judgement of my abilities, but simply as an indication how I should study harder. how改為that
14. 2007全國ⅡMy school is organizing a basketball team and there' s just a chance which I can join it. （which改為that）
II. 語法填空（每空之多填三詞）
15. He made a decision ______ he had to work hard from then on. that
16. He made a decision ______ annoyed his parents. that/ which
17. 2009四川News came from the school office ______ Wang Lin had been admitted to Beijing University. that
III. 寫作技能提升
18. 我已經自己許下承諾，畢業前我再也不玩電腦了。（make a promise to, graduation）
19. 當消息傳來不久妳就將回國，我們真的很難過。(sad, word came )
20. 有諺語說“熟能生巧”，因此如果妳想學好英語，妳必須在它上面多花費時間。（a saying goes that）
21. 我相信如果妳盡力而為，有很大的可能性妳最後會成功的。（a great chance）