學習英語時我們常因單詞重音位置的飄忽不定而大傷腦筋,尤其是遇上雙音節以上的詞匯,要準確無誤地讀準其重音,確實不太容易。
其實,英語詞匯的重音位置通常是有規律的。例如:有些雙音節詞匯做名詞時重音往往落在首音節上;而做動詞時,重音就落在第二音節上了。這些詞匯常見的有:addict,accent,abstract,annex等。
可見,掌握好並讀準單詞的重音有壹定的規律可循。
為了便於記憶和學習,現將部分規則按重音位置和字母順序作如下歸納,並從理論上進行簡要分析。
壹、歸類部分
1.重音落在末音節的字母組合
①以-ee結尾,讀音為/!>?/的詞匯:
appellee chimpanzee conferee contestee decree drawee evacuee em-ployee goatee grandee guarantee indictee inductee
②以-act結尾,讀音為/$kt/的詞匯,多為動詞:
contact contract detract distract exact enact intact interact
③-air,-aire或-are結尾,讀音為/#+/的詞匯:
affair concessionaire enclair millionaire aware prepare
④以-ade結尾,讀音為/eid/的詞匯:
arcade brigade colonnade escalade escapade(exception:decade)
⑤以-ane結尾,讀音為/ein/的詞匯:
inane insane profane humane
⑥以-ceive結尾,讀音為/s!>?v/的動詞:
conceive deceive perceive receive
⑦以-duce結尾,讀音為/dj(>?s/的詞匯:
conduce deduce induce introduce reduce reproduce subduce traduceseduce
⑧以-ease結尾,讀音為/!>?s/或/!>?z/的詞匯:
appease decease decrease disease increase predecease release sub-lease surcease
⑨以-een結尾,讀音為/!>?n/的名詞:
colleen canteen pretteen Salween shagreen thirteen spalpeenvelevteen yestreen
⑩以-eer結尾,讀音為/i+/的名詞:
cannoneer compeer domineer engineer fronteer gadgeteer gazetterpamphleteer patrioteer
(11)以-ect結尾,讀音為/ekt/的動詞:
affect bisect collect defect direct detect correct confect connectdisinfect eject elect
(12)以-ede結尾,讀音為/!>?d/的動詞:
accede antecede concede impede intercede precede recede retrocedesecede supercede
(13)以-end結尾,讀音為/end/的動詞:
attend amend commend comprehend contend defend depend extendintend represend subtend
(14)以-el結尾,讀音為/el/的詞匯:
compel impel Nobel marcel propel rebel(v.)
(15)以-ert結尾,讀音為/+>?t/的詞匯:
assert concert convert desert introvert subvert
(16)以-ese結尾,讀/!>?s/或/!>?z/的詞匯:
Chinese Japanese Napalese sudanese telegraphese vietnamese
(17)以-clude結尾,讀音為/kl(>?d/的動詞:
conclude exclude include occlude preclude seclude
(18)以-esce結尾,讀音為/es/的詞匯:
coalesce deliquesce effloresce evanesce recrudesce
(19)以-ess結尾,讀音為/es/的動詞:
compress confess depress express impress profess redress represssuppress transgress
若不是動詞,以-ess結尾的詞匯之重音位置不固定:
'progress 'congress pro'cess un'less
(20)以-est結尾,讀音為/est/的動詞:
adjest congest contest digest infest protest suggest
(21)以-ette結尾,讀音為/et/的詞匯:
cassette cigarette brunette coquette chemisette forssette frisettegazette grisette
(22)以-form結尾,讀音為/f&>?m/的動詞:
conform perform reform transform(但uniform是名詞)
(23)以-ict結尾,讀音為/ikt/的動詞:
afflict conflict constrict contradict inflict predict restric
(24)以-ide結尾,讀音為/aid/的詞匯:
aside astride beside confide divide provide reside subside
(25)以-ign結尾,讀音為/ain/的動詞:
assign condign design consign resign
(26)以-ire結尾,讀音為/ai+/的動詞:
conspire esquire expire desire inquire inspire require respire
(27)以-lapse結尾,讀音為/l$ps/的詞匯:
collapse prolapse relapse
(28)以-mit結尾,讀音為/mit/的詞匯:
admit commit demit emit intermit omit permit pretermit remitsubmit transmit
(若是名詞,重音落在首音節,如:'limit 'summit 'vomit)
(29)以-ort結尾,讀音為/&>?t/的動詞:
disport distort escort export import report retort support trans-port
(若是名詞,重音多落在首音節:escort export import bistort purport等。)
(30)以-ore結尾,讀音為/&>?/的詞匯:
afore before deplore explore restore
(31)以-pose結尾,讀音為/p+us/、/p+uz/的動詞:
depose decompose expose impose interpose oppose indispose predis-pose propose suppose
(32)以-scribe結尾,讀音為/skraib/的詞匯:
conscribe describe escribe prescribe subscribe transcribe
(33)以-scend結尾,讀音為/send/的詞匯:
ascend condescend descend transcend
(34)以-oon結尾,讀音為/(>?n/的詞匯:
afternoon balloon buffoon cartoon cocoon decocoon dragoon festoongalloon octoroon pocaroon(exception:forenoon)
(35)以-que結尾,讀音為/k/的詞匯:
antique boutique blottesque burlesque arabesque cacique critiquegrotesque Japanesque mystique
(36)以-r結尾,現在分詞和過去分詞均要雙寫r(-red,-ring):
demur incur inter infer occur prefer recur refer transfer
(37)以-uct結尾,讀音為/)kt/的詞匯:
conduct construct deduct instruct obstruct product
(38)以-ult結尾,讀音為/)lt/的詞匯:
consult exult insult occult midcult result
(39)以-ume結尾,讀音為/j(>?m/的詞匯:
assume consume perfume presume subsume
(40)以-use結尾,讀音為/j(>?s/或/j(>?z/的詞匯:
accuse confuse excuse perfuse refuse suffuse transfuse
(41)以-ure結尾,讀音為/ju+/的詞匯:
accure impure immure insecure insure inure mature obscure per-dure procure secure(exceptions:'epicure 'manicure)
2.重音落在倒數第二個音節的字母組合:
①以-ial結尾,讀音為/+l/、/i+l/或/j+l/的詞匯:
/+l/:confidential decrial existential impartial inferential inffluentialinitial prejudicial sacrificial substantial
/i+l/:authorial bimestrial colloquial gressorial material mercurialministerial motorial pictorial prefatorial tectorial visitorial
/j+l/:antimonial bicentennial colonial
②以-ian結尾,讀音為/+n/、/i+n/、/j+n/的詞匯:
/+n/:academician arithmetician acoustician electrician Eurasian Lin-guistician musician Persian politician practician
/i+n/、/j+n/:Cantabrigian collegian Colombian historian rosarian salu-tatorian subclavian
③以-ia結尾,讀音為/i+/的詞匯:
國名、地名:Australia Ethiopia Indonesia Malaysia Mauritania Roma-nia
醫學:abulia achromatopsia acidemia acrophobia aerophobia bilharziainsomnia
其他:academia acedia cryptomeria razzia encyclopedia
④以-ic結尾,讀音為/ik/偶或包括以-ics結尾的詞匯:
atomatic atmospheric autarkic autographic ballistic climatic cosmeticenteric epidemic
⑤以-ior結尾,讀音為/i+/的詞匯,形容詞居多:
inferior junior posterior prior senior superior ulterior
⑥以-it結尾,讀音為/it/的詞匯:
cohabit demerit discredit discomfit decrepit deposit explicit dispiritdisinherit inspirit inherit inhabit inhibit reposit transit visit
⑦以-scence(n.)或-scent(adj)結尾:
acescence acquiescence deliquescence convalescence evanescence obso-lescence reminiscence renascence decrescent marcescent pubescent re-crudescent quiescent resipiscent suffrutescent
⑧以-ion或-sion結尾:
accusaion abolition confusion explosion decision impression persua-sion excitation suggestion invitation
3.重音落在倒數第三個音節的字母組合:
①以-fy結尾,讀音為/fai/的動詞:
acidify identify intensify emulsify lapidify personify qualify modifyprettify simplify transmogrify
②以-ical結尾,讀音為/ik+l/的詞匯:
academical chemical electrical political periodical encyclical teleologi-cal inimical theoretical technological
③以-icide結尾,讀音為/isaid/的詞匯:
suicide aborticide acaricide foeticide fratricide herbicide infanticideliberticide uxoricide
④以-itude結尾,讀音為/itj%!d/的詞匯:
attitude decrepitude infinitude lassitude latitude platitude
⑤以-ity結尾,讀音為/iti/的詞匯:
ability curiosity civility facility fragility opportunity personalitypossibility sensitivity simplicity speciality utility vanity whimsicality
⑥以-graph或-phy結尾,讀音為/gr$f/或/fi/的詞匯:
aerography bibliography biography calligraphy chirography geographylexicography photography planography telegraphy theosophy philosophy
⑦以-ology結尾,讀音為/&l+d*i/的詞匯:
aerology bibliology bryology crytology ecology Egyptology lexicologytechnology pestology psychology testaceology teleology theology zoology
⑧以-otomy結尾,讀音為/&t+mi/的詞匯:
neurotomy tenotomy tracheotomy trichotomy
⑨以-ular結尾,讀音為/jul+/的詞匯:
biangular binocular consular insular intercelluar ocular orbicularpopular particular secular regular triangular
4.詞匯加了前綴後的重讀位置
①重讀落在第壹音節的詞匯,加前綴後,重讀位置不變:
'dazzle—be'dazzle 'operate—co'operate
'force—en'force 'logical—il'logical
'literate—il'literate 'constant—in'constant
②重讀落在第二音節的詞匯,加前綴後,原重讀位置不受影響,但前綴的字母組合作為壹個音節可重讀或次重讀:
pro'duce—'repro'duce
'graduate—'post'graduate
'national—'inter'national
im'pressionism—'neo-imp'ressionism
(the only exception:'finite—'infinie)
二、簡析部分
從語言學的角度來分析,英語的詞重音(word stress)的位置是不固定的。英語與某些別的語言不同,例如:法語詞匯的重音總是在詞的末音節上;與法語相反的是捷克語,它的重音總是落在詞的首音節上,而波蘭語卻獨特壹些,重音位置總是落在詞匯的倒數第二個音節上,因此,這些語言的重音稱為固定重音(fixed stress),而英語和俄語的重音則是自由重音(free stress)。英語本身吸收並借用了大量的外來語(loan words),以歷史語言學或詞源學(etymology)的觀點來剖析,就不難解釋為什麽英語重音屬於自由重音這壹現象。例如:以-ion和-ic結尾的英語詞匯重音往往落在倒數第二個音節上,而-ion和-ic結尾的字母組合則源於拉丁語。以-ee結尾的英語詞匯重音總是落在末音節上,若追溯它的同源詞(cognate),我們可以看到-ee這壹後綴源於Middle English的-e,而-e又來源於Middle French的-é,若再追本溯源,乃是來自於Old French的-é。再考察以-ette後綴結尾的詞匯,-ette後綴也是經歷了從Old French到Middle French再到Middle English這壹相似的演變過程,直至現在,仍然保留了法語的重音特征,與現代法語的詞重音總是落在末音節這壹規律完全吻合。
以詞源學的分析作為探索基點,我們認識到英語的詞重音既屬於自由重音且並非無規律可循這壹語言現象,從而對這壹現象進行總結和分析,以求達到既能方便學習又能對所學語言深化理解的學習目的。