獨立主格結構
獨立主格結構由名詞或代詞加上其他成分(分詞、不定式、名詞、代詞、形容詞、副詞或介詞短語)構成。
獨立主格結構沒有主語和謂語，所以在語法上不是句子。但多有名詞或代詞表示的邏輯主語，分詞或不定式表示的邏輯謂語，有時還有其他修飾成分。(判斷壹個結構是否是句子的標準就是看看這個結構是否有謂語動詞。)這種結構通常在句子中起方式、時間、原因、條件等狀語或狀語從句的作用，主要用於書面語。使用動詞非謂語形式的獨立主格結構可以改為句子形式(從句):獨立主格結構加上連詞，非謂語動詞改為謂語動詞形式，這樣就成為從句了。
例如:
Today being Sunday, the library isn\' t open.今天星期天，圖書館不開放。
(原因)改為從句:
As (Since) today is Sunday, the library isn\' t open.
例如:
There being no buses，we had to take a taxi. 沒有汽車了，我們只好坐出租車了。
Because there were no buses, we had to take a taxi.
The signal given，the bus started.信號發出後，公***汽車就啟動了。
(時間)改為從句:
After the signal was given, the bus started.
The boy followed that man here，and climbed in，sword in hand.少年跟那個人到這裏，並爬了進來，手裏拿著劍。
The boy followed that man here，and climbed in，and had a sword in his hand.
The mid-term examination is over, the end-of-term examination to come two months later.期中考試結束了，兩個月之後進行期末考試.
The mid-term examination is over, and the end-of-term examination is to come two months later.
Weather permitting, we\' 11 visit the Great Wall.如果天氣允許的話，我們就去參觀長城。
If weather permits, we\' 11 visit the Great Wall.
The boy followed that man here, and climbed in, sword in hand.少年跟那個人到這裏，並爬了進來，手裏拿著劍。(伴隨狀語)
上文例句中sword in hand是由“名詞+介詞短語”構成，表示伴隨的情況。這種表示伴隨情的獨立主格結構，有時可以用with
引出，二者的意思是壹樣的，with結構更加口語話，更加常用。
She left the office with tears in her eyes.她眼裏含著淚水，離開了辦公室。
The teacher walked into the classroom, with a ruler under his arm and some books in his hand.老師胳膊底下挾著壹把尺子，手裏拿著幾本書，走進了教室。
The teacher walked into the classroom. He was holding a ruler under his arm and some books in his hand.
Tian\' anmen Square looks magnificent with all the lights on.華燈齊放，天安門廣場顯得美麗動人。
With the boy leading the way, we found his house with no difficulty.由這孩子領路，我們毫不費勁地找到他的家。
With him to give us a lead, our team is bound to turn out well.有他給我們帶頭，我們對壹定能搞好。
1、指出下列句子中的獨立主格結構:
1) My work having been finished, I went home.
---My work having been finished
2)The woman sat smiling, surrounded by her flowers, a faraway look in her eyes.
---A faraway look in her eyes
3) My watch having been lost, I didn\' t know what time it was.
---My watch having been lost
4) He came into the room, his face red with cold.
--- his face red with cold
5) There an elderly patient was sitting in her wheelchair alone, head bowed, her back to most of the others.
--- Head bowed. her back to mast of the others
6) A man came in, his face hidden by an upturned coat collar and a cap pulled law over his brow.
--- His face hidden by an upturned…….
2、 用獨立主格結構改正下列句子:
1) Being cold, he put on his overcoat.
---It being cold, …
2) Being no bus, we had to walk home.
--- There being no bus, ...
3) Getting colder, same birds are flying away to the south.
--- It getting colder, ...
4) Being ill, Mr. Li taught the lesson in place of Mr. Wang.
--- Mr. Wang being ill, Mr. Li taught..
5) Asia is the largest continent, being about 43 million square kilometer.
---…，its size (area) being about 43….
3、 用獨立主格結構將括號內的漢語譯成英語填空:
1)Bing Bing entered the room, _____ (手裏拿著壹個大蘋果).
---- (with) a big apple in his hand.
2) _____(下課了)，the children ran out of the class room.
---The class being over
3) The little girl waited at the bus stop for a long time, _____(鼻子凍得通紅).
---her nose red with cold
4) Here comes the Shanghai train, _____ (從福州來的火車)
---the Fuzhou train to come half an hour later.
5) He was doing his homework._____ (他的父親坐在旁邊)
6) ____(誰也沒有什麽可說的), the meeting was closed.
-----Nobody having any more to say.
By Sept. 2008 Beijing will have held/hosted the Olympic Games. ?到2008年9月，北京將舉行完了奧運會。