? 約翰.濟慈(John Keats,1795-1821), 英國浪漫主義時期與拜倫、雪萊齊名的浪漫主義詩人,代表作品有《恩底彌甕》(Endymion)、《伊莎貝拉》(Isabella)、《聖阿格尼斯之夜》(The Eve of Saint Agnes)等 長詩 以及《希臘古甕頌》(Ode on a Grecian Urn)、《夜鶯頌》(Ode to a Nightingale)等 頌歌 。
濟慈在《希臘古甕頌》中提出了“ Beauty is truth, truth beauty.”( 美即是真,真即是美)的美學理念,意思是生活的本真是藝術美的源泉,藝術美使生活之美得以永存。濟慈的詩歌表達感情真摯,濟慈雖然他英年早逝,但我覺得他是壹位用生命寫作才華橫溢,追求詩歌的本真和美的詩人。
《夜鶯頌》是壹首頌歌。 如果妳看過電影《明亮的星》(Bright Star),相信妳會被濟慈對詩歌的狂熱和才華所折服。詩人對生命、美和自由的歌頌和贊美在《夜鶯頌》這首詩歌中體現地淋漓盡致。
My heart aches, and a drowsy numbness pains
My sense, as though of hemlock I had drunk,
Or emptied some dull opiate to the drains
One minute past, and Lethe-wards had sunk:
‘Tis not through envy of thy happy lot,
But being too happy in thine happiness, –
That thou, light-winged Dryad of the trees,
In some melodious plot
Of beechen green and shadows numberless,
Singest of summer in full-throated ease.
O, for a draught of vintage! that hath been
Cool’d a long age in the deep-delved earth,
Tasting of Flora and the country green,
Dance, and Proven?al song, and sunburnt mirth!
O for a beaker full of the warm South,
Full of the true, the blushful Hippocrene,
With beaded bubbles winking at the brim,
And purple-stained mouth;
That I might drink, and leave the world unseen,
And with thee fade away into the forest dim:
Fade far away, dissolve, and quite forget
What thou among the leaves hast never known,
The weariness, the fever, and the fret
Here, where men sit and hear each other groan;
Where palsy shakes a few, sad, last gray hairs,
Where youth grows pale, and spectre-thin, and dies;
Where but to think is to be full of sorrow
And leaden-eyed despairs,
Where Beauty cannot keep her lustrous eyes,
Or new Love pine at them beyond to-morrow.
Away! away! for I will fly to thee,
Not charioted by Bacchus and his pards,
But on the viewless wings of Poesy,
Though the dull brain perplexes and retards:
Already with thee! tender is the night,
And haply the Queen-Moon is on her throne,
Cluster’d around by all her starry Fays;
But here there is no light,
Save what from heaven is with the breezes blown
Through verdurous glooms and winding mossy ways.
I cannot see what flowers are at my feet,
Nor what soft incense hangs upon the boughs,
But, in embalmed darkness, guess each sweet
Wherewith the seasonable month endows
The grass, the thicket, and the fruit-tree wild;
White hawthorn, and the pastoral eglantine;
Fast fading violets cover’d up in leaves;
And mid-May’s eldest child,
The coming musk-rose, full of dewy wine,
The murmurous haunt of flies on summer eves.
Darkling I listen; and, for many a time
I have been half in love with easeful Death,
Call’d him soft names in many a mused rhyme,
To take into the air my quiet breath;
Now more than ever seems it rich to die,
To cease upon the midnight with no pain,
While thou art pouring forth thy soul abroad
In such an ecstasy!
Still wouldst thou sing, and I have ears in vain –
To thy high requiem become a sod.
Thou wast not born for death, immortal Bird!
No hungry generations tread thee down;
The voice I hear this passing night was heard
In ancient days by emperor and clown:
Perhaps the self-same song that found a path
Through the sad heart of Ruth, when, sick for home,
She stood in tears amid the alien corn;
The same that oft-times hath
Charm’d magic casements, opening on the foam
Of perilous seas, in faery lands forlorn.
Forlorn! the very word is like a bell
To toll me back from thee to my sole self!
Adieu! the fancy cannot cheat so well
As she is fam’d to do, deceiving elf.
Adieu! adieu! thy plaintive anthem fades
Past the near meadows, over the still stream,
Up the hill-side; and now ’tis buried deep
In the next valley-glades:
Was it a vision, or a waking dream?
Fled is that music: – Do I wake or sleep?
夜鶯頌
我的心在痛,困頓和麻木
刺進了感官,有如飲過毒鳩,
?又象是剛剛把鴉片吞服,
於是向著列斯忘川下沈:
並不是我嫉妒妳的好運,
而是妳的快樂使我太歡欣——
?因為在林間嘹亮的天地裏,
妳呵,輕翅的仙靈,
妳躲進山毛櫸的蔥綠和蔭影,
放開歌喉,歌唱著夏季。
?哎,要是有壹口酒!那冷藏
在地下多年的清醇飲料,
?壹嘗就令人想起綠色之邦,
想起花神,戀歌,陽光和舞蹈!
要是有壹杯南國的溫暖
充滿了鮮紅的靈感之泉,
?杯沿明滅著珍珠的泡沫,
?給嘴唇染上紫斑;
?哦,我要壹飲而離開塵寰,
和妳同去幽暗的林中隱沒:
遠遠地、遠遠隱沒,讓我忘掉
妳在樹葉間從不知道的壹切,
?忘記這疲勞、熱病、和焦躁,
這使人對坐而悲嘆的世界;
?在這裏,青春蒼白、消瘦、死亡,
?而“癱瘓”有幾根白發在搖擺;
在這裏,稍壹思索就充滿了
憂傷和灰色的絕望,
?而“美”保持不住明眸的光彩,
新生的愛情活不到明天就枯雕。
去吧!去吧!我要朝妳飛去,
不用和酒神坐文豹的車駕,
我要展開詩歌底無形羽翼,
盡管這頭腦已經困頓、疲乏; 去了!呵,
我已經和妳同往! 夜這般溫柔,
月後正登上寶座,
周圍是侍衛她的壹群星星;
但這兒卻不甚明亮,
?除了有壹線天光,被微風帶過,
蔥綠的幽暗,和苔蘚的曲徑。
?我看不出是哪種花草在腳旁,
?什麽清香的花掛在樹枝上;
?在溫馨的幽暗裏,我只能猜想
這個時令該把哪種芬芳
賦予這果樹,林莽,和草叢,
這白枳花,和田野的玫瑰,
?這綠葉堆中易謝的紫羅蘭,
還有五月中旬的嬌寵,
?這綴滿了露酒的麝香薔薇,
它成了夏夜蚊蚋的嗡縈的港灣。
我在黑暗裏傾聽,多少次
我幾乎愛上了靜謐的死亡,
我用深思的詩韻喚他的名字,
求他把我的壹息散入空茫;
而現在,死更是多麽富麗:
在午夜裏溘然魂離人間,
當妳正傾瀉著妳的心懷
發出這般的狂喜!
?妳仍將歌唱,但我卻不再聽見——
妳的葬歌只能唱給泥草壹塊。
永生的鳥呵,妳不會死去!
饑餓的世代無法將妳蹂躪;
今夜,我偶然聽到的歌曲
曾使古代的帝王和村夫喜悅;
?或許這同樣的歌也曾激蕩
露絲憂郁的心,使她不禁落淚,
?站在異邦的谷田裏想著家;
就是這聲音常常
在失掉了的仙域裏引動窗扉:
壹個美女望著大海險惡的浪花。
?呵,失掉了!這句話好比壹聲鐘
使我猛醒到我站腳的地方!
別了!幻想,這騙人的妖童,
不能老耍弄它盛傳的伎倆。
?別了!別了!妳怨訴的歌聲
流過草坪,越過幽靜的溪水,
溜上山坡;而此時,它正深深
埋在附近的溪谷中:
噫,這是個幻覺,還是夢寐?
?那歌聲去了:——我是睡?是醒?
? 頌歌(Ode),屬於詩歌形式的壹種,頌歌是壹首抒情詩,用來贊美壹個人、壹個事件或壹個物體。英國頌歌最著名的代表作品是雪萊的《西風頌》(Ode to the West Wind),以及濟慈的《夜鶯頌》(Ode to a Nightingale)、《希臘古甕頌》(Ode on a Grecian Urn)。
《夜鶯頌》這首詩寫於1819年。有壹天,壹只夜鶯壹棵樹上築巢,濟慈被夜鶯婉轉而歡快的歌聲所吸引,他在壹棵李樹下面的凳子上坐了2、3個小時,返回房間時,他的手中拿了4、5張詩稿。寫這首詩的時候,濟慈的弟弟剛剛去世,而濟慈也被肺病困擾,夜鶯代表著他忘卻現實中的痛苦,去追求美好和自由的向往。
我國古代詩人中也有很多描寫鳥鳴的古詩詞。如:“月出驚山鳥,時鳴春澗中。;” “百囀千聲隨意移,山花紅紫樹高低。”;“蟬噪林逾靜,鳥鳴山更幽。” 鳥鳴襯托出了周圍環境的幽靜,反映了作者閑適、享受大自然美好的心境。正所謂境由心生。山水田園詩人王維被稱為“詩中有畫,畫中有詩”。而濟慈的這首詩是詩中有畫,畫中有音樂。
這首頌歌***分為8小節,每小節10行,各小節詩行按照ABABCDECDE的形式押韻。詩人在整首詩中采取了對比和象征的表達方式。夜鶯代表著詩人所向往的自由、美好的生活,但作者卻不得不困於現實的痛苦中:弟弟剛剛去世;他自己又身患疾病;他和Fanny Brawn小姐相愛,但迫於現實的狀況卻不能長廂廝守。愛情的甜蜜,病痛的折磨,這些痛苦讓詩人十分羨慕夜鶯,並願和夜鶯壹起飛去。
從下圖我們可以看出詩人在描述中采用了對比的表達方式,體現了詩人的現實(negative)生活和夜鶯(positive)代表的理想世界之間的矛盾,作者在詩中采用了不同的詞匯,如詩人的pains和夜鶯的happiness,詩人的dull和夜鶯的melodious等等,反映了作者當時追求自由、擺脫痛苦但卻又不得不面對現實的無奈心境。這也是濟慈在這首詩中采用paradox手法的體現。
? 關於這首詩的朗誦,可以找本尼迪克特的版本來聽。今天早上,聽本尼朗誦濟慈《夜鶯頌》的時候,舒緩優美的音樂配上本尼純正的英音簡直是壹種至高的藝術享受。
? 濟慈有詩叫做《多少詩人把光陰鍍成了黃金》,“多少詩人把光陰鍍成了黃金,詩傑的神品永遠是我的幻想......仿佛集聚在黃昏的無數聲響......仿佛積聚在黃昏的無數聲響:鳥兒歌唱,樹葉颯颯地絮語,流水潺潺,洪鐘沈重地叩出莊嚴的聲音,還有那來自遠方 難以辯認的千種鳴響,合奏出
絕妙的音樂,而不是聒噪喧嚷。”
? 濟慈寫詩講究感官感受,所以讀他的詩,不僅僅是在看壹幅精美的油畫,而且還是在欣賞壹首優美的古典音樂,完全沈浸在他的詩所描繪的美好情境中。所以讀他的詩是壹種享受,不僅僅因為他對詩歌的狂熱,更由於他對美與真的盡情歌頌。
雖然濟慈25歲就去世,但他在詩歌方面的影響力卻是英國浪漫主義詩歌中最明亮耀眼的壹顆星。他寫詩講究官能感受,唯美主義以及為藝術而藝術(Art's for arts' sake)的創作理念,他具有與莎士比亞的天才極為接近的藝術感應力。他的詩歌形式和風格也是多變的,頌歌、長詩、敘事詩、抒情詩、十四行詩。他的十四行詩與莎士比亞的詩風很像,讀他的十四行詩也是壹種美的感官享受。
我在想,如果英文詩歌可以像夜鶯那樣浸潤現代社會中人們偶爾孤寂的心田,那將是人世間最美好的事。