古詩詞大全網 - 成語故事 - 托福寫作主體段常見寫法

托福寫作主體段常見寫法

托福寫作的主體段是作者表達觀點、論述觀點的段落。這部分壹般來說是三個小的自然段,段落之間存在著邏輯關系。主體段作為托福寫作的核心內容,需要考生學會搭建 文章 的結構,從而在論觀點和論據的時候,能夠更加富有邏輯性。接下來,我和大家分享托福寫作主體段常見的寫作 方法 。

托福寫作主體段常見寫法

1、主體段內並列

段內並列的特點是主體段內的幾個分論點屬於同級並列關系。這種邏輯寫起來比較“方便”,所以也被考生們用得最多。它的標誌詞就是大家耳熟能詳的First,(註意在美國用Firstly比較少)/First of all,/In the first place,/To start with,/To begin with,/Second,/Also,…/…as well./.…too/Another reason is.../“one thing,…For another,.…/Third,/Lastly, / Finally以及朋友們很偏愛的Last but not least這些連詞連接段落之間的關系。

段內並列的標誌詞最大的特色其實就是讓讀者壹眼看出文章的架構,了解主體段三個自然段落之間的關系。不過段內並列本來就是比較直白的壹種邏輯,在考生中使用的頻率相對來說較高,而且深入論證時適當加些好句型和好詞匯調節壹下就可以了。

段內並列的優點是在實戰中操作方便,不容易出現失誤。但缺陷是使用的考生較多,特色不夠明顯。而且比較適合用來寫“折中式” 作文 的主體段。而不太適合寫“壹邊倒“作文的主體段。如果打算使用這種段內結構,那麽分論點後面的支持句應該盡量多用些連接詞或者好句型。

2、主體段內遞進

這種寫法和段內並列並沒有本質區別,只是分論點間的層次感更加清晰。段內遞進的標誌詞有The primary(首要的)reason is...(請註意primarily這個詞壹般是用在句中,極少用在句首)/ The principal(最主要的)factor is... / The main concern is... /The chief consideration is.../Moreover .../ Furthermore, .._/ Further, ...(用Further的考生明顯要比用Furthermore的少,其實這個詞在美國大學寫作中也相當常見)/ Apart from...,…/Aside from...,Additionally,/Besides,…/What's more,…/Plus,…/In addition,…/段內遞進壹般也多用於折中式作文,但較少用於“壹邊倒”文章的主體段。折中式的文章主要是能夠照顧正反觀點,這樣的話,遞進比較會更好。

3、主體段內因果

因果關系是人類邏輯中基礎的關系之壹。所以,在新托福作文主體段中也壹再高調亮相,即“辯證”的手法。因果關系主要是指在段落內部進行原因和結果的論述。我們在每壹個段落開頭給出分論點的同時,後面緊接著的壹定是針對這個分論點的論據內容。這種結構是最基本的,也是考生最常用的論述方式。最大的特點就是簡單,比較好表述。

4、主體段內讓步

讓步的標誌詞:Granted,…(誠然……);Admittedly,…(我承認……);I tend to agree that...;It's true that...;To be sure,…;Surely,…;Few can deny that...需要提醒各位的是,托福作文中主體段內壹般都是通過這些詞制造出虛假妥協氣氛,之後通常都還要用下列詞匯轉折:However,…Yet...(註意Yet後面不要加逗號)Nevertheless,…Nonetheless,…Even so,. Still,…(這裏不是“仍然”“而是”“盡管如此”的意思)Despite that,…等。

以上四種托福寫作主體段的論述方式是考生比較常用,也是能夠幫助考生更好地論述文章內容的方式。主體段之間的邏輯關系,無非是並列、遞進、因果和讓步。考生在使用這些論述方式的時候,壹定要針對每壹種論述方式的特點,避免出現錯誤。

托福獨立寫作主體段怎樣展開中心觀點的論述:、

If children spend too much time watching TV, their time for study will naturally be reduced. Hence, the limitation from parents is meaningful.

分析中心論點的主要內容:

1.因果關系以及對事物的影響。例如:…benefits…. Thus, I agree/disagree/prefer…

2.因為……好;所以……不好。例如:Because…. Thus, I agree/disagree/prefer…….

PART2:specific reasons具體的例證

例證主要是可以有邏輯地推出論點的思路和想法。Specific reasons are sentences which are different from the topic sentence and not the content of example, belong to specific reasons.例證有三個途徑,分別是:解釋說明、例證展開以及拓展延伸。當具體原因已經足夠支撐本段,可以使用概括性的例子或者是不使用例子。

PART3:examples舉例的方法

這裏分享壹下人物事例的舉例方法,人物事例包括名人事例和個人事例。名人事例具有權威性、客觀的特點;個人事例則具有親切、主觀的特點。例如:It is not surprising to find many coach potatoes in school. Peter, my classmate, is one of them. Watching TV too much has impaired his vision and he has to wear glasses now, which is not convenient for him to play basketball, his favorite sport activity.這個事例中運用了個人事例,例子是作者的同學。引用個人事例讓人更有同感,也會覺得更加有說服力。但是,在使用的時候,壹定要註意事例闡述的準確、簡潔,不要車軲轆話壹堆。如果沒有適合題目的事例,也可以根據實際生活編造例子,但是要註意是有可能發生的事例。

PART4:conclusion 總結 段的寫法

總結段主要是強調主題或總結結果。總結的結果壹般是從中間部分得出的結論,而強調主題則是達到和首段呼應的效果,讓整篇文章看起來更加緊湊。例如:To sum up, watching TV at will exerts negative influences on children; therefore, control from parents is indispensable.

托福寫作備考策略之獨立話題

選取2016年9月獨立機經部分題目

1.Somestudents prefer to have their final grades determined by numerous small assignments, whereas others prefer to have their grades determined by only afew large ones. Which do you prefer and why?

2.An effective leader tries to make others feel they are parts of a decision.

3.If a city has an amount of money, which option listed in the following do you prefer?

Build a public garden to provide quiet environment to benefit all

Build a sports field for students in high school which doesn’t have its own.

4.Governmenthas done enough to educate people the importance of a balanced lifestyle and healthy eating.

5.In the past,people were more interested in improving their neighborhoods than they are today.

6.In the past,young people depended on their parents for making decisions. Today young people are better able to make decisions on their own.

7.It is better to relax by watching TV or reading a book than by doing physical exercises.

8.We should state our honest opinions even though people may disagree with us.

9.In order to succeed in a new job, the ability to adapt oneself to the new environment ismore important than excellent knowledge.

10.People spend too much time communication through social media and text messages.

11.There is noreason to be rude to another person.

12.Technology designed to make people’s life simpler in fact make peoples life morecomplicated.

13.Movies andTV programs made in your own country are more interesting compared to moviesand programs made in other countries.

14.It is as important for older people to study and lean new things as it is for youngpeople.

15.To remain happy and optimistic whenever you fail is more important than to achieve success.

16.It is important to know what is happening around the world, even if it does not affect your personal life.

實用方法介紹

丨1.常用論點/理由

針對獨立寫作的常見話題,大致可歸成三類:個人類(關於學習、工作、休閑、做人的選擇);古今類(題目中有明顯的now… past … 讓考生判斷現在和過去在某壹方面的比較);決策類(題目中通常有government這個詞出現,討論政府的投資或者政策,有些題目雖然沒有government這個詞出現,但如果涉及的是有社會影響力的話題,也可以劃為政府類,比如 A/D Professional athletes such as the football playerand basketball player deserve high salaries that they are paid.)

1)個人類常用理由

學知識、練技能、拓展視野……..

工作機會、賺錢…….

交朋友、陪伴家人……. (合作、溝通) …….

品質(自信,獨立,堅持,樂觀 ) / 興趣 愛好

身體健康、放松心情…….

省時間、省錢、省精力………..

2)古今類常用理由

現代社會的優點:

教育 : 先進全面鼓勵個性

工作:種類豐富機會多

醫療:治愈緩解更多疾病

技術:網絡電子產品汽車

公***設施:便利的交通娛樂購物餐飲

法律制度:保障個人權利

媒體:揭露真相傳播信息

人與人:互動頻繁、方便

經濟進步:更充裕的錢和無助

世界和平:更少的戰爭傷亡

現代社會的缺點:

環境問題(汙染,能源消耗)

生活壓力(學習,工作)

欺騙敲詐

3)決策類常用思路

註:除了使用個人類常用理由,針對決策類這種和政府相關有社會影響力的題目,建議多角度討論,壹下是常見的討論角度:

1.大眾 individuals

對我們有什麽用?(放松健康省錢知識關系等等)

是不是我們每個人都需要的?(大多數/ 小眾)

2. 相關群體relativegroups

題目中談論到的比如artists,scientists, athletes 等等

3. 企業companies

企業有錢,可以代替政府去投資有利可圖的領域

4. 社會 Society

Economy(tourism), culture, safety, improvement …

丨2.對比段

通常來說,托福獨立寫作的論證寫3段,上文介紹了最基本的常用理由,但有時候,因為各種原因只想出2個理由的時候,可以寫壹段對比段,即把對比論證寫壹段。

具體案例參考第三部分的機經詳解

丨3.讓步段

除了對比段之外,讓步段也可以解決只有2個理由缺少第三個段落的問題。

具體案例參考第三部分的機經詳解

丨4.拆分法/分情況討論

針對壹些比較抽象的獨立寫作話題,我們可以分情況討論,或者對於關鍵詞進行定義和拆分,在更加具體的情況下方便論證。

具體案例參考第三部分的機經詳解

丨5.檢驗論點

沒有標準答案,這是獨立解題最自由的地方。但這並不意味著什麽樣的理由都可以作為論點並且展開段落的。課堂上,壹些學生可以馬上相處三個理由,但仔細探究,可能只有壹個理由是可以作為論點的。

這裏說壹下三個檢驗標準:1.支持觀點 2. 論點相互不重疊 3. 易於展開

丨6.靈活調整

根據ETS的出題,我們知道,題目是千變萬化的,為了幫助學生更好的應對,老師們會總結出壹些實用方法,對學生來說,比死記硬別、生搬硬套更重要的是,在題目的練習中,去運用這些方法,並且靈活的調整。

如果覺得壹些常用理由不適合支持某壹道題,那麽就放棄這個理由;

如果只想出兩個理由,那麽可以加壹個讓步段或者對比段;

如果壹道題直接用常用理由去支持很難,可以試著拆分法;

如果完全同意/不同意很難,可以試著兩邊倒;

如果題目中有絕對詞,可以部分同意/不同意。

... ...

實用方法在題目中的具體運用

使用第壹部分的9月機經部分題目

1.Some students prefer to havetheir final grades determined by numerous small assignments, whereas othersprefer to have their grades determined by only a few large ones. Which do youprefer and why?

觀點:small assignments

論點1:輕松

論點2:知識(學生復習;老師備課)

論點3:對比段/讓步段

2.An effectiveleader tries to make others feel they are parts of a decision.

觀點:agree

論點1:來自領導的尊重要員工更快樂積極

論點2:員工的參與促進想法的完善

論點3:對比段

3.If a city has an amount ofmoney, which option listed in the following do you prefer?

1)Build a publicgarden to provide quiet environment to benefit all

2)Build asports field for students in high school which doesn’t have its own.

版本A:

觀點:選1)

論點1:relaxing

論點2:used byeveryone

論點3:讓步段(承認2的好處指出顯著缺點即優惠了壹小部分人不公平)

版本B:

觀點:選2)

論點1:healthy

論點2:mentality

論點3:補充建議(允許周末開放給市民)

4.Governmenthas done enough to educate people the importance of a balanced lifestyle andhealthy eating.

觀點:Disagree

論點1: knowledge 宣傳健康飲食的知識( 課程 廣告 )

論點2: pressure 減少學習和工作壓力

論點3: money 建設更多更便宜的運動場所減輕人們的經濟負擔

註:這道題,用個人類的常用理由就可以解決,那麽久不用多角度思考了~

5.In the past,people were more interested in improving their neighborhoods than they aretoday.

觀點:Disagree

論點1:經濟進步大家有時間和精力改善社區

論點2:溝通方便更好的解決社區問題

論點3:普遍受過教育有能力解決問題

註:三個古今類的常用理由,現代社會的優點

6.In the past, young people depended ontheir parents for making decisions. Today young people are better able to makedecisions on their own.

觀點:Agree

論點1:Internet –豐富信息

論點2:Education – 培養獨立

論點3:對比段

7.It is betterto relax by watching TV or reading a book than by doing physical exercises.

版本A:

觀點:Physical exercise

論點1:health

論點2:cooperation

論點3:make friends

論點4:release pressure

論點5:讓步段/對比段

註:有些題目,可以相處很多個有效論點,那就選擇自己覺得好寫的展開~

版本B:

觀點:TV book

論點1:convenience;

論點2:knowledge andinspiration

論點3:讓步段/對比段

8.We shouldstate our honest opinions even though people may disagree with us.

觀點:agree

論點1:家庭

論點2:朋友

論點3:學習/工作

註:用拆分法解這道題,即把說實話放在生活中的三大場景下,便於進行具體論證

9.In order tosucceed in a new job, the ability to adapt oneself to the new environment ismore important than excellent knowledge.

版本A:

觀點:Bothimportant

論點1:知識– 獨立解決問題&自信

論點2:適應能力–效率&輕松

註:兩邊倒的題目,兩個支持對象的各寫壹段,每壹段設立有1-2個小論點,這樣不用擔心字數~

版本B:

觀點:Agree

論點1:get alongwith different people

論點2:learn newknowledge

論點3:adjustmentality

註:對適應能力進行拆分,解讀成和不同的人相處的能力、學習新知識的能力、調整心態的能力,這些都比固有的接觸知識更重要,因為,世界壹直在變啊~

10.Peoplespend too much time communication through social media and text messages.

觀點:Disagree

論點1:Relaxing

論點2:Improvefriendship

論點3: Learning

11.There is noreason to be rude to another person.

版本1:Agree 常用理由 -mood - efficiency - opportunity

版本2:Agree 拆分法- 家庭禮貌- 工作禮貌 - 社交禮貌

12.Technologydesigned to make people’s life simpler in fact make peoples life morecomplicated.

agree

1) car –traffic jam; air pollution

2) internet – too much information to handle; false and misleading

3) digital devices – distraction (music; games; chat; online shopping)

註:把technology 拆分成三個主要方面,汽車、互聯網、電子設備

13.Movies andTV programs made in your own country are more interesting compared to movies andprograms made in other countries.

觀點:both interesting

Own country:1 ***鳴理解2 喜歡的演員

Foreign country:1拓展視野2精彩的畫面

14.It is asimportant for older people to study and lean new things as it is for youngpeople.

Agree

版本1:拆分法(對學習新知識詮釋)

1 學習 健康知識

2 培養愛好

3 學習使用電腦上網

版本2:常用理由

1 mentalhealth

2improve convenience

3communication with young people

15.To remainhappy and optimistic whenever you fail is more important than to achievesuccess.

Agree

1)mentalhealth

2)stimulateimprovement

3 )讓步段(承認成功是可喜的但是生活的常態就是壹直失敗、努力、克服苦難、獲得成功,也就是說,成功是個結果,那麽占據生活主要的是那個過程,所以為了健康以及持久的成功,樂觀積極更重要)

16.It is importantto know what is happening around the world, even if it does not affect yourpersonal life.

Agree

版本1:常用理由

1)relaxing

2)knowledge

3)communication

版本2:拆分法

1)medicalnews – health

2)political news – safety

3)economic news – money