英語詩歌的韻律dasha英詩節奏(Rhythm)
構成英詩節奏的基礎是韻律(metre)。在希臘語中，“metre”這個字是“尺度(標誰)”的意思。英詩就是根據詩行中的音節和重讀節奏作為“尺度(標準)”來計算韻律的。
英詩的特點之壹是與其他文體不同的排列格式。各詩行不達到每頁頁邊，每行開始詞首大寫。幾行成為壹節(stanza)，不分段落。各行都要講究壹定的音節數量，行末押韻或不押韻，交錯排列。
……音節重讀(stressed)，非重讀(unstressed)。……這就是壹種正規的重讀形式，在詩歌中即體現為韻律。研究詩歌韻律規則的科學叫作韻律學(Prosody)。
1．音步(Foot)：
英詩中這種重讀與非重讀音節的特殊性組合叫作音步。壹個音步的音節數量可能為兩個或三個音節，但不能少於兩個或多於三個音節，而且其中只有壹個必須重讀。分析英詩的格律就是將它劃分成音步，並區分出是何種音步以及計算音步的數量。這種音步劃分叫scansion。根據壹首英詩組成的音步數量，每壹詩行壹個音步稱“單音步”(monometer)；每壹詩行有兩個音步的，稱“雙音步”(dimeter)；含有三個音步的，稱“三音步”(trimeter)；此外還有四音步(tetrameter）、五音步、(pentameter)、六音步(hexameter)、七音步(heptameter)、八音步(octometer)。
Is this | a fast, | to keqp
The lard | or lean
And clean? (Herrick)
2．韻律(Metre)： 英詩的韻律是依據音步包含音節的數量及重讀音節的位置而加以區分的。傳統英詩的音步有六種：即抑揚格(Lambus)、揚抑格(Trochee)、抑抑揚格(Anapaest)、揚抑抑格(Dactyl)及抑揚抑格(Amphibrach)：
(Anapaest)、揚抑抑格(Dactyl)及抑揚抑格(Amphibrach)：
“⌒”非重讀音節；“／”重讀音節。
塗壽鵬編著 , 《英文詩歌導讀》
英詩的韻
英語詩歌的押韻可以根據單詞的內音素重復的部位不同而分成不同種類，最常見的有頭韻（Alliteration）、諧元韻（Assonance）和尾韻（Rhyme）。頭韻指詞首重復，如great和grew；諧元韻是指詞中重讀元音重復，如great和fail；尾韻則指詞尾音素重復，如great和bait。但壹行詩中可能同時存在多種押韻形式：
The light that lies in women's eyes. --Thomas Moore
這行詩中既有頭韻light和lies，諧元韻light、lies、eyes，又有且有尾韻（這種押韻方式稱行中韻middle rhyme）lies和eyes。
英語詩歌的行與行之間的押韻格式稱韻法（rhyming scheme）。常見有兩行轉韻（AABB）、隔行押韻（ABCB）、隔行交互押韻（ABAB）和交錯押韻（ABBA）。
（Dasha整理）
英詩體例：
十四行詩(sonnet)：過去也曾音譯為《商籟詩》。十四行，抑揚格，五音步用作全詩的形式。首先出現於意大利，16世紀中傳入英國，為伊麗莎白時代(伊麗莎白壹世在位時期為1558壹1603)文人所寵愛，莎士比亞、斯賓塞及西德尼(sidney)全都寫下過著名的十四行詩。18世紀十四行詩曾受到冷落。但後又被浪漫派詩人濟慈、沃茲沃斯等人所復興，以後許多詩人也多所采用。英國十四行詩有兩種類型：意大利式(Petrarvhan)及莎士比業式(Shakesperoan)(英國式)。 A．意大利式十四行詩：模仿意大利詩人皮特拉克(Petrarch)所創的樣式，由兩部分組成：第壹部分八行(TheOctave)，由的個四行詩體(Quatrains)組成，韻腳是abbaabba；第二部分六行(The Sestet)，韻腳可有不同形式。按嚴格的意大利十四行詩體，在前八行結尾詩意應告壹段落，而後六行又轉入新的詩意。 B．莎士比亞式十四行詩：由三個四行詩體組成，韻腳交替進行。最後是押韻的雙行詩體。整個韻腳是ababcdcdefefgg。在莎士比亞式十四行詩中意境壹氣呵成，直到最後雙行體，為全詩高潮。除莎士比亞外，其他詩人也采用此種形式。
SONNET 21
So is not with me as with that Muse,
Stirr'd by a painted beauty to his verse,
Who heaven itself for ornament doth use
And every fair with his fair doth rehearse,
Making a couplement of proud compare,
With sun and moon, with earth and sea's rich gems.
With April's first-born flowers, and all things rare
That heaven's air in this huge rondure hems.
O, let metrue in love, but truly write,
And then believe me, my love is as fair
As any mother's child, though not so bright
As those gold candles fix'd in heaven’s air.
Let them say more that like of hearsay well;
I will not praise that purpose not to sell.
(Shakespaere)
《十四行詩集》第21首
我的詩神①並不像那壹位持神
只知運用脂粉塗抹他的詩句，
連蒼穹也要搬下來作妝飾品，
羅列每個佳麗去稱贊他的佳麗，
用種種浮誇的比喻作成對偶，
把他之太陽、月亮、海陸的瑰寶，
四月的鮮花，和這浩蕩的宇宙
蘊藏在它的懷裏的壹切奇妙。
哦，讓我既真心愛，就真心歌唱，
而且，相信我，我的愛可以媲美
任何母親的兒子，雖然論明亮
比不上掛在天空的金色燭臺。
誰喜歡空話，讓他盡說個不窮；
我誌不在出售，自用不著禱頌。
見《梁宗岱譯詩集》，第107頁，湖南人民出版社，1983年版。 ①(原譯註)詩神：即詩人，下面用男性代詞“他”字。
塗壽鵬編著 , 《英文詩歌導讀》 , 第38頁
哀歌 elegy 為哀悼壹位公***活動家、壹位友人或所愛的人而寫的壹種沈思抒情詩；推而廣之，又指悲嘆人世無常的、題材更廣泛的任何內省性質的抒情詩。在古典文學中，所謂哀歌只不過用哀歌格律（詩行交替使用揚抑抑格的六音步句和五音步句)寫的詩篇，題材也不限制。在某些現代文學，例如德國文學中，人們使哀歌格律適應於語言，因此哀歌壹詞變成只指這種格律，而不是指詩歌的內容。
《簡明不列顛百科全書》中國大百科全書出版社1985年版170頁
超星存其它可參閱的讀物（Dasha註：文中許多概念不統壹，請註意，以其中英文的定義為準）：謝祖鈞 , 《英語修辭》 , 1988年6月第1版 , 第151-179頁
王佐良 丁往道 , 《英語文體學引論》 , 1987年12月第1版 , 第365-385頁
陳淑華 , 《英語修辭與翻譯（英漢對照）》 , 1990年6月第1版 , 第321-324頁
徐鵬 , 《英語辭格》 , 1996年10月第1版 , 第341-450頁
梁守濤《英詩格律淺說》商務印書館1979
Metrics in English Poetry By Samuel Schuman, Univ. of MN, Morris
Metrics How to go about the analysis of the rhythm, the meter and the rhyme scheme of an English poem.
(作者通篇都是用下面這首簡單的小詩來介紹詩歌)
A Stupid Poem
I put my hat upon my head And walked into the strand And there I met another man Whose hat was in his hand.
First, divide the lines into syllables(音節), and count them:
I / put / my / hat / up/on / my / head (8) And / walked / in/to / the / strand (6) And / there / I / met / a/noth/er / man (8) Whose / hat / was / in / his / hand (6)
(詩歌分析的第壹步是劃分 音節。 對我們這樣非英語母語的人可能有點困難。 基本的方法是壹個元音壹個音節， 例如 upon是兩個音節，another是三個音節。 有的時候詩人為了強調方言等原因， 會使用省略字， 這種情況就要具體問題具體分析了。 也有的時候是為了湊音節而省略的)
Which syllables are accented or “stressed?”(重讀)
“Stress” in English poetic metrics means “said loudly.” It has nothing to do with the tension in your life. The symbol u means unstressed; the symbol / means stressed(詩歌裏的重讀，與壹個單詞本身發音裏的重讀未必是壹回事。 壹般來說，重讀的詞，都是有實際意義， 在句子中起重要作用的詞。 只要聽清重讀的詞，就能夠理解壹句話的意思。 比如第壹句， 聽清了 put/hat/pon/head 這四個字就大致知道說的是什麽， 而只聽清楚 I/my/u/my 這四個字的話......)
u / u / u / u /
u / u / u / u / I put my hat upon my head u / u / u / And walked into the strand u / u / u / u / And there I met another man u / u / u / Whose hat was in his hand
Notice the pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables:
In this poem, there is a repeated pattern of one unstressed syllable followed by one stressed syllable: (在這首詩裏面， 總是壹個重讀的音節跟著壹個非重讀的音節)
I PUT / my HAT / upON / my HEAD
The smallest unit (always 2 or 3 syllables) of repeated patterned stress is called a “poetic foot.”(音步? 我譯的對嗎？) Here, the first foot is “I put” the second “my hat” and so on.(若幹個重讀/非重讀的音節重復出現，就構成了詩歌裏最小的組成部分 - 音步)
In this idiotic poem, the lines are made up of alternating numbers of “feet:” Line 1 has 4 feet, line 2 has 3 feet, line 3 has 4 feet, and line 4 has 3 feet.(這首詩的音步是交替的 四音步/三音步)
Here, I’ve indicated the “feet:”
I put * my hat * upon * my head (4 ft.) And walked * into * the strand (3) And there * I met * anoth*er man (4) Whose hat * was in * his hand (3)
Types of Poetic Feet
u / Iambic (抑揚格) - unstressed, stresssed (u /) - re peat
/ u Trochaic (揚抑格) - (/ u) - un it
u u / Anapestic(抑抑揚格) - (u u /) - in ter cede
/ u u Dactylic(抑揚揚格) - (/ u u) - wash ing ton (這個單詞字典上沒查到，是我自己杜撰的）
/ / Spondaic（揚揚格） - (/ /) - heart break
Types of Poetic Lines (Number of Feet)(下面就簡單了，學過字根的應該都認識哦。 單音步，二音步，以次類推。）Monometer - 1 foot (e.g. “I put.”) Dimeter - 2 (I put my hat) Trimeter - 3 (I put my hat upon) Tetrameter - 4 (I put my hat upon my head) Pentameter - 5 Hexameter - 6 Heptameter - 7So...for example, “trochaic tetrameter(揚抑格四音步）” is a line with 4 feet (8 syllables) with a pattern of stress-unstress in each foot: (壹句題外話， 中文的什麽 五音步抑揚格， 除了考試，還得是中文考試，或者騙騙MM, 壹點用處也沒有。)
/ u * / u * / u * / u Lovely Morris figures rebates
and, “iambic pentameter” means five feet (10 syllables) with each foot consisting of an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable:
u / * u / * u /*u /* u / “Which alters when it alteration finds”
Most of Shakespeare’s verse is “iambic pentameter.” (知道莎翁用的大部分是 五音步抑揚格，就可以開始騙人嘍)
What is the form of the “stupid poem” we have been examining?
u / u / u / u / I put * my hat * upon * my head u / u / u / And walked * into * the strand u / u / u / u / And there * I met *anoth*er man u / u / u / Whose hat * was in * his hand.
ANSWER:It is all iambic, with alternating lines of TETRAMETER (4 feet - lines 1 & 3) and TRIMETER (3 feet - lines 2 & 4). No problem, right?
And now, for something easier--
Rhyme Schemes(韻律安排？)The sound of the last syllable of every line is assigned a letter, beginning with “a”(韻律劃分是詩歌分析的關鍵。 每壹行的最後壹個音節是壹個韻律，用字母表示。 第壹個韻律是a, 以次類推。 遇到和前面重復的韻律就用和前面相同的字母標記。)
I put my hat upon my head (a) And walked into the strand (b) And there I met another man (c) Whose hat was in his hand (b) The rhyme scheme is: a b c b
Stanzas(節）
The combination of rhythm (that is, “iambic, trochaic, dactylic”, etc.), meter (that is, tetrameter, pentameter, hexameter, etc.), and rhyme scheme (for example, “a b c b”) can create certain stanzaic forms which have become accepted poetic conventions.(又是壹個很重要的概念。 簡單的說，壹個 rhyme scheme 就可以當作壹個 stanza)
Some of these historically important stanza forms in English poetry are:
Couplets(對句)Any two lines which rhyme, regardless of rhythm and meter(couplets 是詩歌最早的形式，壓韻即可)
Example of a COUPLET
Candy Is dandy
Heroic Couplet(我找不到準確的譯法，好象是英雄雙韻體英雄雙句體)Two lines which rhyme (a couplet) which are written in iambic pentameter. The “Heroic Couplet” was the dominant form of English poetry in the 18th century, and lots of authors from Chaucer to the present have used this form.
Example of an HEROIC COUPLET英雄雙韻體
Say first, of God above, or man below What can we reason, but from what we know?
(from Alexander Pope, An Essay on Man )
Quatrains(四行詩)
Any stanza with 4 lines
Candy Is dandy But liquor Is quicker.
Ballad Stanza(?)
A “quatrain” with alternating tetrameter and trimeter E.g., the idiotic poem we have been studying! I put my hat upon my head And walked into the strand And there I met another man Whose hat was in his hand.
A serious example of BALLAD STANZA
The king sits in Dumferline town, Drinking the blood-red wine: “O where will I get a good sailor To sail this ship of mine?”
from anonymous, Sir Patrick Spens (after 1200)
The Sonnet(十四行詩)
14 lines Iambic pentameter Two main types:
Italian or Petrarchan( 彼特拉克體十四行詩) - Two quatrains plus a “sestet” (6 line unit) - often abba abba cdecde
English or Shakespearean(莎士比亞體十四行詩) - Three quatrains plus a couplet - often abab cdcd efef gg
An Italian Sonnet
Divers doth use, as I have heard and know, When that to change their ladies do begin To mourne and wail, and never for to lin, Hoping thereby to pease their painful woe. And some there be, that when it chanceth so That women change and hate where love hath been, They call them false and think with words to win The hearts of them which otherwhere doth grow. But as for me, though that by chance indeed Change hath outworn the favor that I had, I will not wail, lament, nor yet be sad, Nor call her false that falsely did me feed, But let it pass, and think it is of kind That often change doth please a woman’s mind. Wyatt, Divers Doth Use (c. 1540)
A Shakespearean Sonnet
That time of year thou mayst in me behold When yellow leaves, or none, or few do hang Upon those boughs which shake against the cold, Bare ruined choirs, where late the sweet birds sang. In me thou seest the twilight of such day As after sunset fadeth in the west; Which by and by black night doth take away, Death’s second self that seals up all the rest. In me thou seest the glowing of such fire, That on the ashes of his youth doth lie, As the deathbed whereon it must expire, Consumed with that which it was nourished by. This thou perceiv’st which makes thy love more strong, To love that well, which thou must leave ere long. (1609)
Blank Verse(無韻詩)
Unrhymed iambic pentameter Torment, sweet friend, that base and aged man That durst dissuade me from thy Lucifer, With greatest torments that our hell affords. Marlowe, Dr. Faustus (1604)
Some other stanzaic forms
Rime royal - 7 lines, iambic pentameter, rhyming ababbcc Ottava rima - 8 lines rhyming abababcc Spencerian stanza - 9 lines, rhyming ababbcbcc, first 8 lines iambic pentameter, line 9 iambic hexameter You don’t need to know these !!!
《中文詩歌》