要弄清以上問題,首先,我們要從弄清什麽是知識管理和企業信息管理入手。美國生產和質量委員會（APQC）對知識管理定義如下：知識管理是組織有意識采取的壹種戰略,它保證能夠在最需要的時間將最需要的知識傳送給最需要的人,這樣可以幫助人們***享信息,並進而將其通過不同的方式付諸實踐,最終達到提高組織業績的目的。企業知識管理是以信息為基礎的活動,通過組織性學習創造隱性和顯性知識,並負責如何在適當的時間、適當的地方擁有適當的知識。微軟總裁比爾蓋茨認為：知識管理並不是從技術開始的,它始於商業目標、過程和對***享信息需要的認識。知識管理只不過是管理信息流,把正確的信息傳送給需要它的人,以便讓他們迅速地以信息為依據采取行動。
中外學者普遍認為,信息是企業發展的壹個非常重要的資源,信息作為資源,除了壹般的可利用、有價值等特性外,還具備***享性、歷史積累性、時效性和多次再生性的特性。而系統則是由若幹相互聯系、相互制約的獨立成分組成的壹個有機整體,如管理人員、生產工人、工藝、技術、管理、方法和組織機構、生產設備等,為了壹個***同的目標即獲取利潤生產出社會需要的產品,而組成的壹個生產企業就是壹個系統。那麽,要系統地利用信息這個資源,企業建立信息管理系統是壹個非常重要的前提。
企業信息管理系統（EIMS）就是運用現代化的管理思想和方法,采用電子計算機、軟件及網絡通訊技術,對企業管理決策過程中的信息進行收集、存儲、加工、分析,以輔助企業日常的業務處理直到決策方案的制定和優選等工作,以及跟蹤、監督、控制、調節整個管理過程的人機系統。
從目前已經大量應用的各種企業信息管理系統來看,普遍具有以下特性：
1.除了通用的管理軟件和MRP（物料資源計劃）、OA（辦公自動化）、WFS（工作流系統）外,大多軟件都需要做大量的需求分析,咨詢顧問（多數都是行業內的專家）和企業各級員工在認真總結以往經驗和企業發展要求的基礎上,根據企業實際量身定做或在標準版本的基礎上根據企業實際做大量的修改,所以具有行業專家特性及實際應用特性。
2.多數系統是從企業戰略的角度出發,在全局和總體考慮的前提下設計企業的信息管理系統,是從企業的人員機構管理、產品管理、系統權限管理、銷售管理、采購管理、生產管理、質量管理等系統的角度,考慮戰略的實現性和信息之間的關聯性、制約性的,具有系統性和整體性。
3.具有歷史知識的積累性和***享性。企業的信息管理系統能夠將各部門和各員工的日常工作的關鍵數據,存儲在數據庫中,並能根據權限方便查閱和調用。
4.具有決策的支持性。所有的各種數據可以經過計算機的處理從不同的角度得到各種分析結果,並通過報警提醒的方式,使決策者在第壹時間得到相關信息。
5.動態特性。由於信息的時效性和關聯性,當系統中某壹信息要素發生變化時,與之相關聯的其他信息均發生變化。同時,由於企業的外部環境和內部要素均在動態發生變化,系統也要求能夠適應這種變化。
二、企業信息管理系統的作用
從以上對於知識管理和企業信息管理系統的概念及特性等可以看出,企業信息管理系統對於企業知識管理水平的提高具有很大的支持和保障作用,具體表現在：
1.發布知識,確保組織內的每個成員都能***享。在沒有計算機、軟件和網絡通訊技術的前提下,企業發布知識的手段通常采用開會、發文件及書籍等手段,除了發布成本高而外,知識的傳播速度、傳播量、更新、查閱及查閱權限等等受到極大的制約。而企業信息管理系統則有效地解決了這些問題,使知識信息交易成本大大降低,交易質量和效率大大提高,有力地發揮了知識在企業中的生產力作用。
2.確保知識獲得的及時性。信息管理系統解決了跨地區、跨時間、跨單位、跨部門、跨員工之間的查閱障礙,只要是在有權限的前提下,知識需求者可以迅速通過系統找到自己需要的各種知識。例如目前的企業信息門戶（EIP-EnterpriseInformationPortal）可以解決企業之間的信息及知識交流問題,另外企業信息系統可以與相關的網絡連接,並自動按照組織內部成員對信息的需求進行篩選、分類和收集,並按照成員對信息的需求及時傳送給需要的人,以解決知識時效性的問題。
3.提升組織或個人的隱性知識為顯性知識,並保證兩者之間的有效轉換。在企業沒有信息系統之前,員工的知識和經驗僅存在自己的腦子裏,部門的知識也在這個部門裏,信息呈現孤島狀態。遺忘、人員流失和成員之間交流不暢導致企業的知識大多是隱性知識,而不能轉變為顯性知識,組織的知識難以積累。組織隨著人員的流動、時間的推移不斷地交學費,企業不能形成經驗曲線,生產效率和競爭力也就難以提高。信息管理系統使個人知識得以沈澱,成員之間的知識得到***享和交融,企業對員工的過分依賴性降低,從而避免企業因某些關鍵崗位人員流失出現不可收拾的局面。
三、如何做好企業的知識管理
首先,我們要抓好企業的信息管理。知識管理著重於顯性知識和隱性知識的相互轉化,因為企業只有把國內外和自己企業積累的知識和經驗即顯性知識,通過歸類、整理、提煉迅速傳遞給需要它的員工,即轉化為員工個人的知識———隱性知識,並運用到每項工作中去,才能對企業目標發生作用。信息管理主要集中在對已有的如書面化的、電子信息等顯性知識的管理,在信息增值鏈上,要將數據提升為信息,並對其進行采集與選擇、組織與程序、壓縮與提煉、歸類與導航等,對信息外部特征的加工和組織。在信息管理基礎上,在根據企業和員工需求,對信息內容進行提煉、比較、挖掘、分析、概括、判斷和推論等進行知識管理。
其次,要建立知識***享系統。知識管理是以***享和創新為主要目的,重點解決信息超載而知識匱乏的問題,重視人與人產生知識過程的管理。知識如果不拿出來與他人***享,將導致：（1）核心信息掌握在具體實施人員中,管理失控。（2）企業人員外流導致知識資產流失,大量核心技術被帶走。（3）知識孤島造成協調困難,效率下降。所以,在企業信息系統建設中,要堅持以獲取企業內部和外部知識資源為核心；以產品的生產流程為核心；以個人知識與團隊知識的相互交流和轉化為核心；以正式交流與非正式交流的相互接軌為核心；以解決實際問題為核心；以價值鏈的不斷增值為核心和以技能培訓為核心。
最後,把信息化建設作為知識管理的平臺。傳統的金字塔式組織結構和人際交流模式在很大程度上不適合現代社會對知識的快速組織、整合和***享需要,計算機網絡則為知識的獲取、組織和***享創造了壹個全新的平臺。企業在網絡平臺下,形成壹種柔性的與變化的組織和扁平化的信息傳遞渠道。從知識管理的角度,建立信息管理系統,使人與知識資源有機結合,它將人、知識與現實工作任務整合起來,必將為企業管理帶來實效。
First, anything is the knowledge management and business management must clarify the above question, first, we must from clarify anything are the knowledge management and the enterprise information management obtain. The US produces and the quality committee (APQC) is as follows to the knowledge management definition: The knowledge management is one kind of strategy which the organization adopts consciously, it guaranteed that the knowledge which can in most need the time which will need most to transmit for the human who most needs, like this may help the people to share the information, and then puts to it through the different way to practice, achieves the enhancement organization achievement finally the goal. The enterprise knowledge management is take the information as the foundation activity, through the organized study creation recessiveness and the dominant knowledge, how and is responsible in the suitable time, the suitable place to have the suitable knowledge. Microsoft president Bill Gates thought: The knowledge management is not starts from the technology, it begins in the commercial goal, the process and to shares the understanding which the information needs. The knowledge management just manages the information flow, for needs it the correct information transmission the person, with the aim of letting them take the action rapidly take the information as the basis. the Chinese and foreign scholar generally believe that the information is enterprise development very important resources, the information takes the resources, besides general may value characteristics and so on use, have, but also has sharing, the historical accumulation, the effectiveness and the multiple reproducibility characteristic. An organic whole which mutually but the system is by certain mutual connections, restricts the independent component which composes, like administrative personnels, production worker, craft, technology, management, method and organizations and agencies, production equipment and so on, for a common goal is the gain profit produces the social need the product, but composes a Production enterprise is a system. Then, must use information this resources, the enterprise message creation management system management system is a very important premise systematically. the enterprise information management system (EIMS) is utilizes modernized the management concept and the method, uses the electronic accounting machine, the software and the network mechanics of communication, carries on the collection, the memory, the processing, the analysis to the business management decision-making process's information, by is auxiliary the enterprise daily handling of traffic until the decision scheme formulation and optimal and so on work, as well as track, surveillance, control, adjustment entire management process man-machine system. looking from already were at present massive the application each kind of enterprise information management system, has the following characteristic generally: 1. besides the general management software and MRP (material resources plan), OA (office automation), WFS (work class system), mostly the software needs to make the massive demand analysis, consulted consultant (most is in profession expert) and enterprise all levels of staffs is summarizing earnestly formerly experienced and in the enterprise development request foundation, made the massive revisions actually according to the enterprise actual quantity body custom make or in the standard edition's foundation according to the enterprise, therefore had the profession expert characteristic and the practical application characteristic. the 2. most systems are from enterprise strategy angle embarking, in the overall situation and the overall considered under the premise designs enterprise's information management system, is from system's and so on enterprise's personnel organization management, product management, system jurisdiction management, sales management, procurement management, production management, quality control angles, considered that strategic between possibility and information relatedness, conditionality, has the systematic characteristic and the integrity. 3. has the historical knowledge accumulation and sharing. Enterprise's information management system can various departments and the various staffs' routine work essential data, saves in the database, and can act according to the jurisdiction convenience consult and the transfer. 4. has the policy-making support. All each kind of data may obtain each kind of analysis result after computer's processing from the different angle, and through the warning reminder's way, enables the policy-maker to obtain the related information in the first time. 5. dynamic characteristic. As a result of information effectiveness and relatedness, when in the system some essential element of information changes, is connected other information with it to change. At the same time, because enterprise's external environment and the internal essential factor in dynamic changes, the system also requests to be able to adapt this kind of change. two, enterprise information management system's function and characteristic and so on may see from above regarding the knowledge management and the enterprise information management system's concept, the enterprise information management system has the very big support and the safeguard function regarding the enterprise knowledge management level's enhancement, concrete manifestation in: the 1. issue knowledge, guaranteed that in organization's each members can share. In does not have the computer, the software and under the network mechanics of communication premise, the enterprise issued that the knowledge the method usually uses document and books methods and so on holds a meeting, to issue, except issue cost Gao Erwai, the knowledge propagation velocity, the dissemination quantity, the renewal, the consult and the consult jurisdiction and so on receives the enormous restriction. But the enterprise information management system effectively has solved these problems, causes the knowledge information transaction cost to reduce greatly, the transaction quality and the efficiency enhance greatly, has displayed the knowledge powerfully in enterprise's production action of force. 2. guaranteed the knowledge obtains timeliness. The information management system has solved between trans-regional, the cross time, the cross unit, trans-departmental, the cross staff's consult barrier, so long as in has under the jurisdiction premise, the knowledge demand might find oneself need rapidly through the system each kind of knowledge. For example the present enterprise information gateway (EIP-EnterpriseInformationPortal) may solve between enterprise's information and the knowledge exchange question, moreover the enterprise information system may with the related network connections, and according to organizes the internal member to carry on automatically to the information demand screens, the classification and the collection, and defers to the member to transmit promptly to the information demand for the human who needs, solves the knowledge time-limited problem. 3. promotes the organization or individual recessive knowledge is the dominant knowledge, and guarantees between both's active transition. Before the enterprise does not have the information system, staff's knowledge and the experience only have in own brain, department's knowledge also in this department, the information presents the isolated island condition. Between forgetting, the personnel outflow and the member exchange cause enterprise's knowledge mostly are the recessive knowledge impeded, but cannot transform into the dominant knowledge, organization's knowledge accumulates with difficulty. The organization along with personnel's flowing, the time passage pays tuition unceasingly, the enterprise cannot form the empirical curve, the production efficiency and the competitive power also with difficulty enhances. The information management system enables individual knowledge to precipitate, between member's knowledge obtains shares and blends, the enterprise reduces to staff's excessive dependence, because thus avoids the enterprise certain essential post personnel draining has the beyond redemption aspect. do three, how complete enterprise's knowledge management first, we must pay special attention to enterprise's information management. Knowledge management emphatically in dominant knowledge and recessive knowledge mutual transformation, because the enterprise only then accumulates domestic and foreign and the enterprise the knowledge and the experience are the dominant knowledge, through the classification, the reorganization, the refinement transmits rapidly for needs it the staff, namely transforms as the staff individual knowledge - - - recessive knowledge, and using each work, can the business goal react. The information management mainly concentrates to existing like written, the electronic information codominance knowledge's management, on the information increment chain, must the data promotion be an information, and carries on gathering and the choice, the organization and the procedure, the compression and the refinement, the classification and the guidance to it and so on, to information exterior characteristic processing and organization. In the information management foundation, in the basis enterprise and the staff demand, carries on the refinement, the comparison, the excavation, the analysis, the summary, the judgment and the deduction to the information content and so on carries on the knowledge management. next, must establish the knowledge sharing system. The knowledge management is take shares and the innovation as the main purpose, but the key solution information overload the knowledge deficient question, takes the human and the human has the knowledge process management. If the knowledge does not take with other people sharing, will cause: (1) the core information grasps is implementing in specifically the personnel, the management loses control. (2) the enterprise personnel flow out cause the knowledge property outflow, the massive core technologies is carried off. (3) the knowledge isolated island causes the coordinated difficulty, the efficiency drops. Therefore, in the enterprise information system construction, must insist that take gains the enterprise interior and the exterior knowledge resources as a core; Take the product production process as a core; And transforms take individual knowledge and the team knowledge's mutual exchange as the core; Take the official exchange and the unofficial exchange's mutual trail connection as a core; Take solves the actual problem as a core; Unceasingly rises in value take the value chain as the core and take skill training as a core. is final, takes the knowledge management the informationization construction the platform. The traditional Pyramid type organizational structure and the interpersonal exchange pattern did not suit the modern society to a great extent to the knowledge fast organization, the conformity and the sharing need, the computer network for the knowledge gain, the organization and sharing have created a brand-new platform. The enterprise under the network platform, forms one kind flexible and the change organization and the flattening information transmission channel. From knowledge management's angle, the message creation management system management system, causes the human and the knowledge resources organic synthesis, it the person, the knowledge and the reality work mission conformity gets up, will certainly to bring the actual effect for the business management